Book
Aircraft Powerplants: Powerplant Certification, 10th Edition
This is the most recent edition.
Table Of Content
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A About the Authors -
B Preface -
C Acknowledgments -
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1 Examples of Aircraft Engines: Both Certified and Light Sport 1.0 CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES - View sub-sections
1.1 WORLD WAR I AIRCRAFT ENGINES - View sub-sections
1.2 POSTâWORLD WAR I ENGINES - View sub-sections
1.3 ENGINE DESIGN AND CLASSIFICATION 1.3.1 Cylinder Arrangement 1.3.2 Early Designations 1.3.3 Classification or Designation by Cylinder Arrangement and Displacement 1.3.4 Engine Classification by Cooling Method 1.3.5 Progress in Design and Types of Current Reciprocating Engines 1.3.6 Examples of Certified Reciprocating Engines 1.3.7 Gas-Turbine Engine Progress
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1.4 ONLINE MATERIAL 1.5 REVIEW QUESTIONS
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2 Reciprocating-Engine Construction and Nomenclature 2.0 CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES - View sub-sections
2.1 THE CRANKCASE - View sub-sections
2.2 BEARINGS - View sub-sections
2.3 THE CRANKSHAFT - View sub-sections
2.4 CONNECTING-ROD ASSEMBLIES - View sub-sections
2.5 PISTONS - View sub-sections
2.6 CYLINDERS - View sub-sections
2.7 VALVES AND ASSOCIATED PARTS - View sub-sections
2.8 THE ACCESSORY SECTION 2.9 PROPELLER REDUCTION GEARS 2.10 REVIEW QUESTIONS
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3 Internal-Combustion Engine Theory and Performance 3.0 CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES - View sub-sections
3.1 SCIENCE FUNDAMENTALS - View sub-sections
3.2 ENGINE OPERATING FUNDAMENTALS - View sub-sections
3.3 VALVE TIMING AND ENGINE FIRING ORDER 3.4 THE TWO-STROKE CYCLE 3.5 DIESEL ENGINE OPERATING PRINCIPLES - View sub-sections
3.6 POWER CALCULATIONS - View sub-sections
3.7 ENGINE EFFICIENCY - View sub-sections
3.8 FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE 3.9 REVIEW QUESTIONS
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4 Lubricants and Lubricating Systems 4.0 CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES - View sub-sections
4.1 CLASSIFICATION OF LUBRICANTS - View sub-sections
4.2 LUBRICATING OIL PROPERTIES 4.2.1 Gravity 4.2.2 Flash Point 4.2.3 Viscosity 4.2.4 Color 4.2.5 Cloud Point 4.2.6 Pour Point 4.2.7 Carbon-Residue Test 4.2.8 The Ash Test 4.2.9 Oxidation Tests 4.2.10 Precipitation Number 4.2.11 Corrosion and the Neutralization Number 4.2.12 Oiliness 4.2.13 Extreme-Pressure (Hypoid) Lubricants 4.2.14 Chemical and Physical Stability
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4.3 THE NEED FOR LUBRICATION - View sub-sections
4.4 LUBRICANT REQUIREMENTS AND FUNCTIONS - View sub-sections
4.5 CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPONENTS OF LUBRICATION SYSTEMS 4.5.1 Pressure Lubrication 4.5.2 Splash Lubrication and Combination Systems 4.5.3 Principal Components of a Lubrication System 4.5.4 Oil Capacity 4.5.5 Plumbing for the Lubrication System 4.5.6 Temperature Regulator (Oil Cooler) 4.5.7 Oil Viscosity Valve 4.5.8 Oil Pressure Relief Valves 4.5.9 Aircraft Engine Oil Filters 4.5.10 Oil Separator 4.5.11 Oil Pressure Gauge 4.5.12 Oil Temperature Gauge 4.5.13 Oil Pressure Pumps 4.5.14 Scavenge Pump 4.5.15 Oil Dilution System
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4.6 ENGINE DESIGN FEATURES RELATED TO LUBRICATION - View sub-sections
4.7 TYPICAL LUBRICATION SYSTEMS 4.8 REVIEW QUESTIONS
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5 Induction, Supercharger, Turbocharger, Cooling, and Exhaust Systems 5.0 CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES 5.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION - View sub-sections
5.2 BASIC INDUCTION SYSTEM COMPONENTS - View sub-sections
5.3 PRINCIPLES OF SUPERCHARGING AND TURBOCHARGING - View sub-sections
5.4 INTERNAL SINGLE-SPEED SUPERCHARGER - View sub-sections
5.5 THE TURBOCHARGER - View sub-sections
5.6 RECIPROCATING-ENGINE COOLING SYSTEMS - View sub-sections
5.7 RECIPROCATING-ENGINE EXHAUST SYSTEMS 5.8 REVIEW QUESTIONS
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6 Fundamentals of Pressure Injection Carburetors and Water Injection 6.0 CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES - View sub-sections
6.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF GASOLINE 6.1.1 Volatility 6.1.2 Testing Fuels 6.1.3 Octane Number 6.1.4 Performance Number 6.1.5 Use of Lead in Aviation Fuels 6.1.6 Aviation Gasoline: Grades and Color Codes 6.1.7 Engine Design and Fuel Performance 6.1.8 Corrosive Effects of Leaded Fuels 6.1.9 Aromatic and Alcohol Aviation Fuels 6.1.10 Purity of Aviation Fuel 6.1.11 Avgas vs. Automotive Gasoline
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6.2 FUEL SYSTEMS - View sub-sections
6.3 PRINCIPLES OF CARBURETION - View sub-sections
6.4 FLOAT-TYPE CARBURETORS - View sub-sections
6.5 CARBURETOR ICING - View sub-sections
6.6 INSPECTION AND OVERHAUL OF FLOAT-TYPE CARBURETORS - View sub-sections
6.7 ONLINE MATERIAL 6.8 REVIEW QUESTIONS
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7 Fuel Injection Systems -
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8 Reciprocating-Engine Ignition and Starting Systems 8.0 CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES - View sub-sections
8.1 PRINCIPLES OF IGNITION - View sub-sections
8.2 TYPES OF MAGNETOS - View sub-sections
8.3 MAGNETO OPERATIONAL THEORY 8.3.1 Magnetic Circuit 8.3.2 Principles of the Rotating-Magnet Magneto 8.3.3 Current Induced in a Coil 8.3.4 Lenz' Law 8.3.5 Left-Hand Rule 8.3.6 Rotating Magnet 8.3.7 Primary-Circuit Components 8.3.8 Construction and Other Characteristics of Magnetos 8.3.9 Magneto Speed 8.3.10 Polarity or Direction of Sparks 8.3.11 Dual-Magneto Ignition 8.3.12 Magneto Sparking Order 8.3.13 Coming-in Speed of Magneto 8.3.14 Magneto Safety Gap 8.3.15 Blast Tubes
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8.4 IGNITION SHIELDING - View sub-sections
8.5 IGNITION BOOSTERS AND AUXILIARY IGNITION UNITS - View sub-sections
8.6 CONTINENTAL IGNITION HIGH-TENSION MAGNETO SYSTEM FOR LIGHT-AIRCRAFT ENGINE 8.6.1 General Description 8.6.2 Magneto 8.6.3 Operation of the System 8.6.4 Continental Ignition Internal Magneto Timing 8.6.5 Timing for Magneto with "Cast-in" Timing Marks 8.6.6 Engine Timing Reference Marks 8.6.7 Timing Lights 8.6.8 Timing the Continental Ignition S-200 Magneto to the Engine 8.6.9 Installation of High-Tension Harness 8.6.10 Maintenance of the Continental Ignition S-200 Magneto
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8.7 CONTINENTAL DUAL-MAGNETO IGNITION SYSTEMS - View sub-sections
8.8 SLICK SERIES 4300 AND 6300 MAGNETOS 8.9 OTHER HIGH-TENSION MAGNETOS - View sub-sections
8.10 LOW-TENSION IGNITION - View sub-sections
8.11 LOW-TENSION IGNITION SYSTEM FOR LIGHT-AIRCRAFT ENGINES - View sub-sections
8.12 FADEC SYSTEM DESCRIPTION - View sub-sections
8.13 COMPENSATED CAM 8.14 MAGNETO MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION - View sub-sections
8.15 OVERHAUL OF MAGNETOS - View sub-sections
8.16 SPARK PLUGS - View sub-sections
8.17 STARTERS FOR RECIPROCATING AIRCRAFT ENGINES 8.18 STARTERS FOR MEDIUM AND LARGE ENGINES - View sub-sections
8.19 TROUBLESHOOTING AND MAINTENANCE 8.20 REVIEW QUESTIONS
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9 Operation, Inspection, Maintenance, and Troubleshooting of Reciprocating Engines 9.0 CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES - View sub-sections
9.1 RECIPROCATING-ENGINE OPERATION 9.1.1 Starting Reciprocating Engines 9.1.2 Engine-Starting Precautions 9.1.3 Ground Engine Fire 9.1.4 Starting Procedures 9.1.5 Starting Procedure for Float Carburetors 9.1.6 Continental Fuel Injection Starting Procedure 9.1.7 Continental Continuous-Flow Fuel Injection Starting Procedures 9.1.8 Starting Large Reciprocating Engines 9.1.9 Hand Cranking
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9.2 ENGINE OPERATION - View sub-sections
9.3 CRUISE CONTROL - View sub-sections
9.4 ENGINE OPERATING CONDITIONS - View sub-sections
9.5 RECIPROCATING-ENGINE OPERATIONS IN WINTER - View sub-sections
9.6 INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE 9.6.1 Opening and Cleaning 9.6.2 Servicing Oil Screens and Filters 9.6.3 Inspection of Oil System Lines 9.6.4 Compression Testing of Aircraft Engine Cylinders 9.6.5 Magneto Inspection 9.6.6 Inspection and Cleaning of Spark Plugs 9.6.7 Harness Testing and Inspection 9.6.8 Inspection and Maintenance of Induction System Air Filters and Ducting 9.6.9 Inspection of Engine Fuel Systems and Carburetors 9.6.10 Inspection and Maintenance of Fuel Injection System 9.6.11 Inspection and Maintenance of Engine Controls 9.6.12 Inspection and Maintenance of Exhaust Systems 9.6.13 Engine Mounts 9.6.14 Fire Wall Seals 9.6.15 Inspection, Maintenance, and Repair of Superchargers and Turbochargers
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9.7 TROUBLESHOOTING 9.8 REVIEW QUESTIONS
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10 Reciprocating-Engine Overhaul Practices 10.0 CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES - View sub-sections
10.1 NEED FOR OVERHAUL - View sub-sections
10.2 OVERHAUL SHOP - View sub-sections
10.3 RECEIVING THE ENGINE 10.4 DISASSEMBLY - View sub-sections
10.5 VISUAL INSPECTION - View sub-sections
10.6 CLEANING - View sub-sections
10.7 STRUCTURAL INSPECTION 10.8 DIMENSIONAL INSPECTION - View sub-sections
10.9 REPAIR AND REPLACEMENT 10.9.1 Cylinders 10.9.2 Cylinder Heads 10.9.3 Valves 10.9.4 Rocker Arms and Rocker-Arm Shaft Bushings 10.9.5 Cylinder Barrels 10.9.6 Skirt, Flange, and Fins 10.9.7 Pistons 10.9.8 Crankshafts 10.9.9 Counterweights 10.9.10 Sludge Chambers and Oil Passages 10.9.11 Connecting-Rod Bushing Replacement 10.9.12 Crankcases and Accessory Cases 10.9.13 Replacement of Studs 10.9.14 Heli-Coil Inserts 10.9.15 Treatment of Interior Engine Surfaces 10.9.16 Recommended and Mandatory Replacement Parts
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10.10 REASSEMBLY - View sub-sections
10.11 INSTALLATION - View sub-sections
10.12 ENGINE TESTING AND RUN-IN - View sub-sections
10.13 ENGINE PRESERVATION AND STORAGE 10.14 REVIEW QUESTIONS
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11 Principal Parts, Construction, Types, and Nomenclature of Gas-Turbine Engines 11.0 CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES 11.1 TURBINE-ENGINE DEVELOPMENT - View sub-sections
11.2 GAS-TURBINE ENGINE TYPES - View sub-sections
11.3 THE INLET - View sub-sections
11.4 TYPES OF COMPRESSORS 11.5 FAN BYPASS RATIO 11.6 COMPRESSOR STALL 11.7 COMPRESSOR AIRFLOW AND STALL CONTROL 11.8 AIR-BLEED AND INTERNAL AIR SUPPLY SYSTEMS 11.9 THE DIFFUSER 11.10 COMBUSTION CHAMBERS 11.11 TURBINE NOZZLE DIAPHRAGM 11.12 TURBINES - View sub-sections
11.13 EXHAUST SYSTEMS 11.14 EXHAUST NOZZLES - View sub-sections
11.15 VARIABLE-AREA EXHAUST NOZZLE 11.16 THRUST REVERSERS 11.17 ACCESSORY DRIVE - View sub-sections
11.18 REDUCTION-GEAR SYSTEMS - View sub-sections
11.19 ENGINE NOISE - View sub-sections
11.20 ADVANCED MANUFACTURING PROCESSES 11.21 REVIEW QUESTIONS
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12 Gas-Turbine Engine: Theory, Jet Propulsion Principles, Engine Performance, and Efficiencies 12.0 CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES - View sub-sections
12.1 BASIC JET PROPULSION PRINCIPLES - View sub-sections
12.2 TYPES OF JET PROPULSION ENGINES 12.3 GAS-TURBINE ENGINES 12.4 PRINCIPLES OF GAS-TURBINE ENGINES - View sub-sections
12.5 GAS-TURBINE ENGINE THEORY AND REACTION PRINCIPLES 12.6 AIRFLOW - View sub-sections
12.7 GAS-TURBINE ENGINE PERFORMANCE 12.7.1 Jet Engine Symbols and Their Meanings 12.7.2 Thrust 12.7.3 Converting Thrust to Horsepower 12.7.4 Turbine Horsepower Calculations 12.7.5 Altitude Effect 12.7.6 Ram Effect 12.7.7 Effect of Engine Speed 12.7.8 Effects of Humidity 12.7.9 Temperature Effect 12.7.10 Effect of Water Injection 12.7.11 Effect of Afterburning on Engine Thrust
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12.8 EFFICIENCIES 12.9 REVIEW QUESTIONS
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13 Gas-Turbine Engine: Fuels and Fuel Systems 13.0 CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES 13.1 FUEL REQUIREMENTS - View sub-sections
13.2 JET FUEL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS 13.2.1 Types of Jet Fuels 13.2.2 Water in Fuel 13.2.3 Fuel Additives 13.2.4 Microorganisms in Fuel 13.2.5 Refueling Precautions for Intermixed Jet Fuels 13.2.6 Gas-Turbine Fuel System Components 13.2.7 Gas-Turbine Engine Fuel Systems 13.2.8 Large Aircraft Turbofan Engine Fuel Systems 13.2.9 Fuel Spray Nozzles
13.3 PRINCIPLES OF FUEL CONTROL - View sub-sections
13.4 FUEL CONTROL UNITS FOR A TURBOPROP ENGINE - View sub-sections
13.5 FUEL CONTROL SYSTEM FOR A TURBOSHAFT ENGINE - View sub-sections
13.6 ELECTRONIC ENGINE CONTROLS 13.7 REVIEW QUESTIONS
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14 Turbine-Engine Lubricants and Lubricating Systems -
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15 Ignition and Starting Systems of Gas-Turbine Engines -
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16 Turbofan Engines -
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17 Turboprop Engines -
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18 Turboshaft Engines 18.0 CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES - View sub-sections
18.1 AUXILIARY POWER UNIT - View sub-sections
18.2 THE LYCOMING T53 TURBOSHAFT ENGINE - View sub-sections
18.3 THE ROLLS-ROYCE SERIES 250 GAS-TURBINE ENGINE - View sub-sections
18.4 HELICOPTER POWER TRAINS - View sub-sections
18.5 ROLLS-ROYCE SERIES 250 TURBOSHAFT ENGINE OPERATION IN A HELICOPTER 18.6 REVIEW QUESTIONS
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19 Gas-Turbine Operation, Inspection, Troubleshooting, Maintenance, and Overhaul 19.0 CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES - View sub-sections
19.1 STARTING AND OPERATION - View sub-sections
19.2 GAS-TURBINE ENGINE INSPECTIONS - View sub-sections
19.3 GAS-TURBINE ENGINE MAINTENANCE - View sub-sections
19.4 GAS-TURBINE ENGINE OVERHAUL - View sub-sections
19.5 TROUBLESHOOTING EGT SYSTEM 19.6 TROUBLESHOOTING AIRCRAFT TACHOMETER SYSTEM - View sub-sections
19.7 GAS-TURBINE ENGINE TROUBLESHOOTING 19.8 REVIEW QUESTIONS
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20 Operating Principles of Various Certified Aircraft Propellers 20.0 CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES 20.1 BASIC PROPELLER PRINCIPLES 20.2 PROPELLER NOMENCLATURE - View sub-sections
20.3 PROPELLER THEORY 20.4 PROPELLER CONTROLS AND INSTRUMENTS - View sub-sections
20.5 PROPELLER CLEARANCES - View sub-sections
20.6 GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF PROPELLERS - View sub-sections
20.7 FIXED-PITCH PROPELLERS 20.8 GROUND-ADJUSTABLE PROPELLERS - View sub-sections
20.9 CONTROLLABLE-PITCH PROPELLERS 20.10 TWO-POSITION PROPELLERS - View sub-sections
20.11 CONSTANT-SPEED PROPELLERS 20.12 ANTI-ICING AND DEICING SYSTEMS - View sub-sections
20.13 PROPELLER SYNCHROPHASER SYSTEM - View sub-sections
20.14 ONLINE MATERIAL 20.15 REVIEW QUESTIONS
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21 Operating Principles of Large Turboprop Propellers and Their Control Systems 21.0 CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES 21.1 TURBOPROPELLER HORSEPOWER CALCULATIONS - View sub-sections
21.2 HARTZELL TURBOPROPELLERS - View sub-sections
21.3 COMPOSITE PROPELLER BLADES - View sub-sections
21.4 PT6A PROPELLER CONTROL SYSTEMS - View sub-sections
21.5 HONEYWELL TPE331 ENGINE TURBOPROPELLER CONTROL SYSTEM - View sub-sections
21.6 ONLINE MATERIAL 21.7 REVIEW QUESTIONS
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22 Propeller Installation, Inspection, and Maintenance 22.0 CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES - View sub-sections
22.1 PROPELLER INSTALLATION AND REMOVAL - View sub-sections
22.2 AIRCRAFT VIBRATIONS 22.2.1 Purpose of Checking Track and Balance 22.2.2 Propeller Track 22.2.3 Static Propeller Balance 22.2.4 Dynamic Propeller Balance 22.2.5 Data Averaging 22.2.6 Computing a Balance Solution 22.2.7 Attaching Dynamic Balance Weights 22.2.8 Balancers That Learn 22.2.9 Dynamic Propeller Tracking 22.2.10 Engine Vibration Analysis
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22.3 MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF PROPELLERS 22.3.1 General Nature of Propeller Repairs 22.3.2 Authorized Repairs and Alterations 22.3.3 Classification of Repairs and Alterations 22.3.4 Persons and Organizations Authorized to Perform Repairs and Alterations on Propellers 22.3.5 General Repair Requirements 22.3.6 General Inspection and Repair of Wood Propellers 22.3.7 General Inspection and Repair of Metal Propellers 22.3.8 Aluminum Blade Fatigue Failure 22.3.9 Prevention and Treatment of Minor Surface Defects 22.3.10 Composite Propeller Blade Damage Limits 22.3.11 Repair of Composite Blades
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22.4 CHECKING BLADE ANGLES - View sub-sections
22.5 INSPECTIONS AND ADJUSTMENTS OF PROPELLERS 22.6 REVIEW QUESTIONS
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23 Engine Indicating, Warning, and Control Systems 23.0 CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES - View sub-sections
23.1 ENGINE INSTRUMENTS - View sub-sections
23.2 FIRE WARNING SYSTEMS - View sub-sections
23.3 FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS - View sub-sections
23.4 ENGINE CONTROL SYSTEMS 23.4.1 Need for Engine Controls 23.4.2 Desirable Characteristics 23.4.3 Principal Types of Engine Control Systems 23.4.4 Push-Pull Tube Characteristics 23.4.5 Bellcranks 23.4.6 Cable-and-Pulley Control Systems 23.4.7 Flexible Push-Pull Controls 23.4.8 Vernier Push-Pull Control 23.4.9 The Control Quadrant 23.4.10 Control Assemblies
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23.5 MECHANICAL ENGINE CONTROL FUNCTIONS FOR SMALL AIRCRAFT - View sub-sections
23.6 MECHANICAL ENGINE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR LARGE AIRCRAFT - View sub-sections
23.7 INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE OF CONTROL SYSTEMS 23.8 REVIEW QUESTIONS
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A Appendix -
B Glossary
8.6. CONTINENTAL IGNITION HIGH-TENSION MAGNETO SYSTEM FOR LIGHT-AIRCRAFT ENGINE
A typical ignition system for a light-aircraft engine consists of two magnetos, a starter vibrator, a combination ignition and starter switch, and a harness assembly. These parts are illustrated in Fig. 8-27. This illustration shows the components of the system associated with the Continental ignition series S-200 magneto. However,âŠ
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