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The mineralogy of Copper

General Properties
Symbol:	Cu
Atomic Number:	29
Standard atomic weight (A_r):	63.546(3)
Electron configuration:	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹

Photos

<	Natural copper nugget	>

Atomic Properties
Electronegativity (Pauling scale):	1.9
Atomic Radius:	145 pm
Ionic Radius:	77 pm (+1)
Van der Waals Radius:	140 pm
1st Ionization energy:	746 kJ/mol
1st Electron affinity:	-118 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:	1,2,3,4

Physical Properties
Standard State:	solid
Bonding Type:	metallic
Melting Point:	1358 K
Boiling Point:	3200 K
Density:	8.92 g/cm³
Metal/Non-Metal:	transition metal

Main isotopes of Copper
Isotope	% in Nature	Half Life	Decay type	Decay product
⁶³Cu	69.15%	stable
⁶⁴Cu	synthetic	12.700h	ε	⁶⁴Ni
⁶⁴Cu	synthetic	12.700h	β−	⁶⁴Zn
⁶⁵Cu	30.85%	stable
⁶⁷Cu	synthetic	61.83h	β−	⁶⁷Zn

Main ions of Copper
Name	Ion	Example minerals
copper(I)	Cu⁺	Cuprite, Chalcocite
copper(II)	Cu²⁺	Malachite, Azurite, Tenorite

Other Information
Year Discovered:	9000 BC
Named For:	Cyprus, principal mining place in Roman era (Cyprium)
CPK color coding:	#C88033
External Links:	Wikipedia WebElements Los Alamos National Laboratory Theodore Gray's PeriodicTable.com

Simple Compounds and Mineral Names
Sulfides	copper (I) sulphide	Cu₂S	+1	Chalcocite
Sulfides	copper (II) sulphide	CuS	+2	Covellite
Selenides	copper (I) selenide	Cu₂Se	+1	Berzelianite, Bellidoite
	copper (II) selenide	CuSe	+2	Klockmannite
	copper (II) diselenide	CuSe₂	+2	Kruťaite
Tellurides	copper (II) telluride	CuTe	+2	Vulcanite
Tellurides	copper (I) telluride	Cu₂Te	+1	Weissite
Hydroxides	copper (II) hydroxide	Cu(OH)₂	+2	Spertiniite
Fluorides	copper (I) fluoride	CuF	+1
Fluorides	copper (II) fluoride	CuF₂	+2
Chlorides	copper (I) chloride	CuCl	+1	Nantokite
	copper (II) chloride	CuCl₂	+2	Tolbachite
	copper (II) chloride dihydrate	CuCl₂ · 2H₂O	+2	Eriochalcite
Bromides	copper (II) bromide	CuBr₂	+2
Iodides	copper (I) iodide	CuI	+1	Marshite
Oxides	copper (I) oxide	Cu₂O	+1	Cuprite
Oxides	copper (II) oxide	CuO	+2	Tenorite
Carbonates	dicopper carbonate dihydroxide	Cu₂(OH)₂CO₃	+2	Malachite
Carbonates	tricopper dicarbonate dihydroxide	Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂	+2	Azurite
Nitrates	copper (I) nitrate	CuNO₃	+1
Nitrates	copper (II) nitrate	Cu(NO₃)₂	+2
Sulfates	copper (II) sulfate	CuSO₄	+2	Chalcocyanite
	copper (II) sulfate trihydrate	CuSO₄ · 3H₂O	+2	Bonattite
	copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate	CuSO₄ · 5H₂O	+2	Chalcanthite
	copper (II) sulfate heptahydrate	CuSO₄ · 7H₂O	+2	Boothite

Copper as a chromophore in minerals and gems
Chromophore	Description
Cu⁺	Red colour in cuprite
Cu²⁺	Produces blue and green colour in azurite, malachite, etc.

Mineral Diversity of Copper
1. Elements	26 valid mineral species
2. Sulfides And Sulfosalts	285 valid mineral species
3. Halides	47 valid mineral species
4. Oxides	58 valid mineral species
5. Carbonates	23 valid mineral species
6. Borates	6 valid mineral species
7. Sulfates	133 valid mineral species
8. Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates	182 valid mineral species
9. Silicates	33 valid mineral species
10. Organic Compounds	15 valid mineral species
Total:	808 valid species containing essential Copper

Minerals with the greatest weight % of Copper
Native Copper	Cu	100.00 %
Cuprite	Cu₂O	88.82 %
Jonlarsenite	Al₄Cu₉	84.12 %
Paramelaconite	Cu¹⁺₂Cu²⁺₂O₃	84.12 %
Tenorite	CuO	79.89 %
Wuyanzhiite	Cu₂S	79.85 %
Chalcocite	Cu₂S	79.85 %
Djurleite	Cu₃₁S₁₆	79.34 %
Roxbyite	Cu₅₈S₃₂	78.22 %
Digenite	Cu₉S₅	78.10 %

Geochemistry of Copper
Goldschmidt classification:	Chalcophile
Cu²⁺ was one of the ions least depleted from the mantle in the formation of the crust.
Cu²⁺ is concentrated in deep-sea ferromanganese nodules relative to seawater.
Cu²⁺ solute can be a limiting nutrient in the growth of bacteria.
Cu²⁺ solute is a micronutrient on land.
Cu²⁺ is essential to nutrition of at least some vertebrates ('essential minerals').

Elemental Abundance for Copper
Crust (CRC Handbook)	6.0 x 10^-5	mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Kaye & Laby)	5.8 x 10^-5	mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Greenwood)	6.8 x 10^-5	mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Ahrens/Taylor)	7.5 x 10^-5	mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Ahrens/Wänke)	4.7 x 10^-5	mass fraction, kg/kg
Upper Crust (Ahrens/Taylor)	2.5 x 10^-5	mass fraction, kg/kg
Upper Crust (Ahrens/Shaw)	1.4 x 10^-5	mass fraction, kg/kg
Sea Water (CRC Handbook)	2.5 x 10^-10	mass per volume fraction, kg/L
Sea Water (Kaye & Laby)	2.3 x 10^-8	mass per volume fraction, kg/L
The Sun (Kaye & Laby)	4.5 x 10^-4	atom mole fraction relative to Si=1
Solar System (Kaye & Laby)	5.2 x 10^-4	atom mole fraction relative to Si=1
Solar System (Ahrens)	5.22 x 10^-4 (11%)	atom mole fraction relative to Si=1 (% uncertainty)

Element association of Copper in the Mineral World
This table compares the known valid mineral species listed listed with Copper and the other elements listed based on the official IMA formula. Note that unlike other sections on this page this includes non-essential elements. The first data column contains the total number of minerals listed with Copper and the element listed for that row. The second data column lists this number as a percentage of all minerals listed with Copper. The final data column compares this percentage against the percentage of all minerals that contain the element listed in each row. Click on a heading to sort.

Element	Valid Minerals listed with element and Copper	% of Cu minerals	Relative to % in all minerals
Oxygen	515 minerals with Cu and O	61.16%	24.63% lower
Hydrogen	387 minerals with Cu and H	45.96%	17.60% lower
Sulfur	356 minerals with Cu and S	42.28%	91.71% higher
Arsenic	200 minerals with Cu and As	23.75%	82.80% higher
Lead	154 minerals with Cu and Pb	18.29%	69.33% higher
Iron	129 minerals with Cu and Fe	15.32%	31.88% lower
Chlorine	108 minerals with Cu and Cl	12.83%	73.34% higher
Antimony	81 minerals with Cu and Sb	9.62%	69.52% higher
Selenium	78 minerals with Cu and Se	9.26%	246.16% higher
Zinc	77 minerals with Cu and Zn	9.14%	62.07% higher
Silver	71 minerals with Cu and Ag	8.43%	116.14% higher
Bismuth	70 minerals with Cu and Bi	8.31%	98.34% higher
Calcium	69 minerals with Cu and Ca	8.19%	67.06% lower
Aluminium	62 minerals with Cu and Al	7.36%	63.11% lower
Tellurium	57 minerals with Cu and Te	6.77%	90.87% higher
Potassium	54 minerals with Cu and K	6.41%	35.63% lower
Sodium	53 minerals with Cu and Na	6.29%	66.34% lower
Phosphorus	48 minerals with Cu and P	5.70%	53.59% lower
Carbon	47 minerals with Cu and C	5.58%	31.84% lower
Silicon	41 minerals with Cu and Si	4.87%	82.38% lower
Vanadium	38 minerals with Cu and V	4.51%	6.37% lower
Magnesium	32 minerals with Cu and Mg	3.80%	71.56% lower
Tin	28 minerals with Cu and Sn	3.33%	80.94% higher
Nickel	27 minerals with Cu and Ni	3.21%	6.18% lower
Mercury	25 minerals with Cu and Hg	2.97%	65.92% higher
Thallium	19 minerals with Cu and Tl	2.26%	50.51% higher
Uranium	18 minerals with Cu and U	2.14%	58.30% lower
Manganese	16 minerals with Cu and Mn	1.90%	83.72% lower
Cadmium	16 minerals with Cu and Cd	1.90%	246.68% higher
Platinum	16 minerals with Cu and Pt	1.90%	150.79% higher
Nitrogen	14 minerals with Cu and N	1.66%	34.72% lower
Molybdenum	14 minerals with Cu and Mo	1.66%	5.24% higher
Germanium	13 minerals with Cu and Ge	1.54%	122.72% higher
Palladium	13 minerals with Cu and Pd	1.54%	8.83% higher
Chromium	11 minerals with Cu and Cr	1.31%	29.53% lower
Fluorine	9 minerals with Cu and F	1.07%	86.50% lower
Cobalt	9 minerals with Cu and Co	1.07%	13.89% lower
Gold	9 minerals with Cu and Au	1.07%	54.19% higher
Barium	7 minerals with Cu and Ba	0.83%	82.16% lower
Rhodium	7 minerals with Cu and Rh	0.83%	106.28% higher
Iodine	7 minerals with Cu and I	0.83%	56.27% higher
Boron	6 minerals with Cu and B	0.71%	85.88% lower
Iridium	6 minerals with Cu and Ir	0.71%	84.17% higher
Cerium	5 minerals with Cu and Ce	0.59%	80.82% lower
Indium	5 minerals with Cu and In	0.59%	116.68% higher
Lanthanum	5 minerals with Cu and La	0.59%	56.15% lower
Neodymium	5 minerals with Cu and Nd	0.59%	31.79% lower
Gallium	4 minerals with Cu and Ga	0.48%	227.42% higher
Yttrium	4 minerals with Cu and Y	0.48%	79.39% lower
Tungsten	4 minerals with Cu and W	0.48%	47.38% lower
Titanium	3 minerals with Cu and Ti	0.36%	94.92% lower
Caesium	3 minerals with Cu and Cs	0.36%	33.03% lower
Strontium	3 minerals with Cu and Sr	0.36%	87.37% lower
Bromine	2 minerals with Cu and Br	0.24%	13.33% lower
Lithium	1 mineral with Cu and Li	0.12%	94.01% lower
Rubidium	1 mineral with Cu and Rb	0.12%	47.34% higher
Zirconium	1 mineral with Cu and Zr	0.12%	95.09% lower
Samarium	1 mineral with Cu and Sm	0.12%	22.78% higher
Gadolinium	1 mineral with Cu and Gd	0.12%	22.78% higher
Rhenium	1 mineral with Cu and Re	0.12%	268.35% higher

Periodic Table

2He

3Li

4Be

Show/hide current element

Default Categories CPK Electronegativity Atomic Radius Lowest Oxidation Highest Oxidation Crustal Abundance Goldschmidt Mineral Species Minerals with Cu Relative Frequency

Nickel << Copper >> Zinc

Most widespread minerals containing Copper
This list of minerals containing Copper is built from the mindat.org locality database. This is based on the number of localities entered for mineral species and is therefore slanted towards minerals interesting to collectors with less coverage of common rock-forming-minerals so it does not give an undistorted distribution of Copper mineral species. It is more useful when comparing rare species rather than common species.

Most widespread minerals containing Copper

This list of minerals containing Copper is built from the mindat.org locality database. This is based on the number of localities entered for mineral species and is therefore slanted towards minerals interesting to collectors with less coverage of common rock-forming-minerals so it does not give an undistorted distribution of Copper mineral species. It is more useful when comparing rare species rather than common species.

Name	Formula	Crystal System	Mindat Localities
Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂	Tetragonal	33685
Malachite	Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂	Monoclinic	15053
Chalcocite	Cu₂S	Monoclinic	7002
Bornite	Cu₅FeS₄	Orthorhombic	6922
Azurite	Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂	Monoclinic	6575
Covellite	CuS	Hexagonal	5470
Native Copper	Cu	Isometric	4583
Chrysocolla	Cu_2-xAl_x(H_2-xSi₂O₅)(OH)₄ · nH₂O, x < 1	Orthorhombic	4262
Cuprite	Cu₂O	Isometric	3558
Brochantite	Cu₄(SO₄)(OH)₆	Monoclinic	2032

Photos
Chalcopyrite, etc. Tincroft Mine, Pool, Carn Brea, Cornwall, England, UK Malachite Mashamba West Mine, Sicomines copper-cobalt project, Mutshatsha, Lualaba, DR Congo Chalcocite, etc. Bristol Copper Mine, Bristol, Hartford County, Connecticut, USA Bornite Magma Mine, Superior, Pinal County, Arizona, USA Chalcopyrite, etc. Tincroft Mine, Pool, Carn Brea, Cornwall, England, UK Malachite Mashamba West Mine, Sicomines copper-cobalt project, Mutshatsha, Lualaba, DR Congo Chalcocite, etc. Bristol Copper Mine, Bristol, Hartford County, Connecticut, USA Bornite Magma Mine, Superior, Pinal County, Arizona, USA Chalcopyrite, etc. Tincroft Mine, Pool, Carn Brea, Cornwall, England, UK Malachite Mashamba West Mine, Sicomines copper-cobalt project, Mutshatsha, Lualaba, DR Congo Chalcocite, etc. Bristol Copper Mine, Bristol, Hartford County, Connecticut, USA Bornite Magma Mine, Superior, Pinal County, Arizona, USA

Photos

Chalcopyrite, etc.

Tincroft Mine, Pool, Carn Brea, Cornwall, England, UK

Malachite

Mashamba West Mine, Sicomines copper-cobalt project, Mutshatsha, Lualaba, DR Congo

Chalcocite, etc.

Bristol Copper Mine, Bristol, Hartford County, Connecticut, USA

Bornite

Magma Mine, Superior, Pinal County, Arizona, USA

Chalcopyrite, etc.

Tincroft Mine, Pool, Carn Brea, Cornwall, England, UK

Malachite

Mashamba West Mine, Sicomines copper-cobalt project, Mutshatsha, Lualaba, DR Congo

Chalcocite, etc.

Bristol Copper Mine, Bristol, Hartford County, Connecticut, USA

Bornite

Magma Mine, Superior, Pinal County, Arizona, USA

Chalcopyrite, etc.

Tincroft Mine, Pool, Carn Brea, Cornwall, England, UK

Malachite

Mashamba West Mine, Sicomines copper-cobalt project, Mutshatsha, Lualaba, DR Congo

Chalcocite, etc.

Bristol Copper Mine, Bristol, Hartford County, Connecticut, USA

Bornite

Magma Mine, Superior, Pinal County, Arizona, USA

Localities with greatest number of different Copper mineral species

1	Clara Mine, Oberwolfach, Ortenaukreis, Freiburg Region, Baden-Württemberg, Germany	126 Cu minerals
2	Tsumeb Mine (Ongopolo Mine), Tsumeb, Oshikoto Region, Namibia	114 Cu minerals
3	Cap Garonne Mine, Le Pradet, Toulon, Var, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France	85 Cu minerals
4	Bisbee, Cochise County, Arizona, USA	77 Cu minerals
5	Hilarion Mine, Kamariza Mines (Kamareza Mines), Agios Konstantinos (Kamariza), Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece	66 Cu minerals
6	Baccu Locci Mine, Villaputzu, South Sardinia Province, Sardinia, Italy	60 Cu minerals
7	Friedrichssegen Mine, Friedrichssegen, Lahnstein, Rhein-Lahn-Kreis, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany	51 Cu minerals
8	Furtei mine, Furtei, South Sardinia Province, Sardinia, Italy	51 Cu minerals

Important ores of Copper

Name	Formula	Crystal System
Chalcocite	Cu₂S	Monoclinic
Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂	Tetragonal
Bornite	Cu₅FeS₄	Orthorhombic
Covellite	CuS	Hexagonal
Native Copper	Cu	Isometric

Photos
Chalcocite Bristol Copper Mine, Bristol, Hartford County, Connecticut, USA Chalcopyrite, etc. Mount Lyell Mines, Queenstown, Queenstown district, West Coast municipality, Tasmania, Australia Bornite Dzhezkazgan mining district, Karaganda Region, Kazakhstan Covellite Butte Mining District, Silver Bow County, Montana, USA Chalcocite Bristol Copper Mine, Bristol, Hartford County, Connecticut, USA Chalcopyrite, etc. Mount Lyell Mines, Queenstown, Queenstown district, West Coast municipality, Tasmania, Australia Bornite Dzhezkazgan mining district, Karaganda Region, Kazakhstan Covellite Butte Mining District, Silver Bow County, Montana, USA Chalcocite Bristol Copper Mine, Bristol, Hartford County, Connecticut, USA Chalcopyrite, etc. Mount Lyell Mines, Queenstown, Queenstown district, West Coast municipality, Tasmania, Australia Bornite Dzhezkazgan mining district, Karaganda Region, Kazakhstan Covellite Butte Mining District, Silver Bow County, Montana, USA

Photos

Chalcocite

Bristol Copper Mine, Bristol, Hartford County, Connecticut, USA

Chalcopyrite, etc.

Mount Lyell Mines, Queenstown, Queenstown district, West Coast municipality, Tasmania, Australia

Bornite

Dzhezkazgan mining district, Karaganda Region, Kazakhstan

Covellite

Butte Mining District, Silver Bow County, Montana, USA

Chalcocite

Bristol Copper Mine, Bristol, Hartford County, Connecticut, USA

Chalcopyrite, etc.

Mount Lyell Mines, Queenstown, Queenstown district, West Coast municipality, Tasmania, Australia

Bornite

Dzhezkazgan mining district, Karaganda Region, Kazakhstan

Covellite

Butte Mining District, Silver Bow County, Montana, USA

Chalcocite

Bristol Copper Mine, Bristol, Hartford County, Connecticut, USA

Chalcopyrite, etc.

Mount Lyell Mines, Queenstown, Queenstown district, West Coast municipality, Tasmania, Australia

Bornite

Dzhezkazgan mining district, Karaganda Region, Kazakhstan

Covellite

Butte Mining District, Silver Bow County, Montana, USA

Minor ores of Copper

Name	Formula	Crystal System
Malachite	Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂	Monoclinic
Cuprite	Cu₂O	Isometric
Tenorite	CuO	Monoclinic
Azurite	Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂	Monoclinic
Tennantite Subgroup	Cu₆(Cu₄C²⁺₂)As₄S₁₂S	Isometric
Tetrahedrite Subgroup	Cu₆(Cu₄C²⁺₂)Sb₄S₁₂S	Isometric
Enargite	Cu₃AsS₄	Orthorhombic

Photos
Malachite Vysokogorskoe Fe deposit, Nizhnii Tagil, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia Cuprite New Cliffe Hill Quarry, Cliffe Hill Quarry, Stanton under Bardon, Hinckley and Bosworth, Leicestershire, England, UK Tenorite Vesuvius fumaroles, Metropolitan City of Naples, Campania, Italy Azurite Tsumeb Mine, Tsumeb, Oshikoto Region, Namibia Malachite Vysokogorskoe Fe deposit, Nizhnii Tagil, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia Cuprite New Cliffe Hill Quarry, Cliffe Hill Quarry, Stanton under Bardon, Hinckley and Bosworth, Leicestershire, England, UK Tenorite Vesuvius fumaroles, Metropolitan City of Naples, Campania, Italy Azurite Tsumeb Mine, Tsumeb, Oshikoto Region, Namibia Malachite Vysokogorskoe Fe deposit, Nizhnii Tagil, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia Cuprite New Cliffe Hill Quarry, Cliffe Hill Quarry, Stanton under Bardon, Hinckley and Bosworth, Leicestershire, England, UK Tenorite Vesuvius fumaroles, Metropolitan City of Naples, Campania, Italy Azurite Tsumeb Mine, Tsumeb, Oshikoto Region, Namibia

Photos

Malachite

Vysokogorskoe Fe deposit, Nizhnii Tagil, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia

Cuprite

New Cliffe Hill Quarry, Cliffe Hill Quarry, Stanton under Bardon, Hinckley and Bosworth, Leicestershire, England, UK

Tenorite

Vesuvius fumaroles, Metropolitan City of Naples, Campania, Italy

Azurite

Tsumeb Mine, Tsumeb, Oshikoto Region, Namibia

Malachite

Vysokogorskoe Fe deposit, Nizhnii Tagil, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia

Cuprite

New Cliffe Hill Quarry, Cliffe Hill Quarry, Stanton under Bardon, Hinckley and Bosworth, Leicestershire, England, UK

Tenorite

Vesuvius fumaroles, Metropolitan City of Naples, Campania, Italy

Azurite

Tsumeb Mine, Tsumeb, Oshikoto Region, Namibia

Malachite

Vysokogorskoe Fe deposit, Nizhnii Tagil, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia

Cuprite

New Cliffe Hill Quarry, Cliffe Hill Quarry, Stanton under Bardon, Hinckley and Bosworth, Leicestershire, England, UK

Tenorite

Vesuvius fumaroles, Metropolitan City of Naples, Campania, Italy

Azurite

Tsumeb Mine, Tsumeb, Oshikoto Region, Namibia

Significant Deposits

1	La Escondida Mine, Escondida, Antofagasta, Antofagasta Province, Antofagasta, Chile The Escondida mine is the world's largest copper mine by proven reserves (over 32 million tonnes in 2012)

Spotted a mistake/omission? - These pages are a work in progress, so please send all comments/corrections to jolyon@mindat.org. Thank you.
Constants and physical property data from:

Lide, David R. - Ed. (2005) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics - A Ready-Reference Book of Chemical and Physical Data (85th ed.). CRC Press.
National Physical Laboratory (2005) Kaye and Laby Online (discontinued). https://web.archive.org/web/20190506031327/http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/
Kaye, G. W. C.; Laby, T. H. (n.d.) Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants and some Mathematical Functions. Longmans, Green, and Co.
Greenwood, N.N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997) Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth–Heinemann.
Ahrens, Thomas J. - Ed. (1995) Global Earth Physics - A Handbook of Physical Constants - AGU Reference Shelf No. 1. American Geophysical Union.
Railsback, L. Bruce (2003) An earth scientist's periodic table of the elements and their ions. Geology, 31 (9) 737 doi:10.1130/g19542.1
Emsley, John (2001) Nature's Building Blocks - An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

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