Goyazite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Goyazite
Flag of Goiás, Brazil
Formula:
SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Colour:
White, yellow, honey-yellow, pink, lilac, orange or colourless; colourless in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Resinous, Greasy, Pearly
Hardness:
4½ - 5
Specific Gravity:
3.26
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1884 by Augustin Alexis Damour for the province of Goyaz (now Goiás), Brazil. (Note: Although the mineral's type locality is in the province of Minas Gerais, the mineral is named after the neighboring province.)
Type Locality:
Isostructural with:
The strontium analogue of crandallite and plumbogummite, and the phosphate analogue of arsenogoyazite.
Compare svanbergite.
Compare svanbergite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1787
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1787:5
IMA Classification of Goyazite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA status notes:
Redefined by the IMA
First published:
1884
Approval history:
Redefined 1999 s.p.: Jambor (1999).
Classification of Goyazite
8.BL.10
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
L : With medium-sized and large cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 3:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
L : With medium-sized and large cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 3:1
42.7.3.3
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
7 : (AB)2(XO4)Zq·xH2O
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
7 : (AB)2(XO4)Zq·xH2O
19.5.3
19 : Phosphates
5 : Phosphates of Sr and Ba
19 : Phosphates
5 : Phosphates of Sr and Ba
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Goy | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Goy | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Goyazite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Goyazite
Resinous, Greasy, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Pearly on {0001} cleavage.
Colour:
White, yellow, honey-yellow, pink, lilac, orange or colourless; colourless in transmitted light.
Hardness:
4½ - 5 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Very brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {0001}, perfect.
On {0001}, perfect.
Density:
3.26 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.29 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Goyazite
Type:
Uniaxial (+)
RI values:
nω = 1.620 - 1.635 nε = 1.630 - 1.651
2V:
Measured: 30°
Birefringence:
0.013
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.010 - 0.016
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
Thick grains (Ukraine):
O = Light pink
E = Pale Yellow, Pale green
O = Light pink
E = Pale Yellow, Pale green
Comments:
May be anomously biaxial, sectored.
Chemistry of Goyazite
Mindat Formula:
SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Ba,F
Crystallography of Goyazite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m (3 2/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral
Space Group:
R3m
Setting:
R3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.015 Å, c = 16.558 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 2.36
Unit Cell V:
705.66 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
3
Morphology:
Crystals rhombohedral, up to 2 cm, pseudocubic or flattened on {0001}, with {1012} striated (?) [0001], {2021}, {0111}, small {0001}, rarely paper thin plates with large {0001}; may be composite; massive, in detrital pebbles (favas) and grains.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0014430 | Goyazite | Kato T (1987) Further refinement of the goyazite structure Mineralogical Journal 13 390-396 |  | 1987 | Palermo mine, North Groton, New Hampshire, USA | 0 | 293 |
| 0014742 | Goyazite | Kato T (1971) The crystal structures of goyazite and woodhousite Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1971 241-247 | 1971 | Palermo mine, North Groton, New Hampshire, USA | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 5.704 Å | (65) |
| 3.511 Å | (40) |
| 2.991 Å | (13) |
| 2.965 Å | (100) |
| 2.765 Å | (20) |
| 2.209 Å | (45) |
| 1.903 Å | (20) |
Comments:
ICDD 34-152
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
| 9 : Lava/xenolith minerals (hornfels, sanidinite facies) | |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
| 26 : Hadean detrital minerals | |
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
| 36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 42 : Sea-floor Mn nodules | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 48 : Soil leaching zone minerals | <0.6 |
Geological Setting:
Granitic pegmatites; hydrothermal argillic alteration zones; in kaolinitic claystones derived from air-fall volcanic tuffs; sedimentary phosphate deposits, carbonatites; detrital deposits, including diamantiferous sands.
Type Occurrence of Goyazite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Small rounded grains 1-5 mm in diameter.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Placer nodules
Synonyms of Goyazite
Other Language Names for Goyazite
Varieties of Goyazite
| Barium-bearing Goyazite | A barian variety of Goyazite. |
Relationship of Goyazite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Plumbogummite Group:
| Benauite | SrFe3+3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Crandallite | CaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Eylettersite | Th0.75Al3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Florencite-(Ce) | CeAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Florencite-(La) | LaAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Florencite-(Nd) | NdAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Florencite-(Sm) | SmAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Galloplumbogummite | Pb(Ga,Al,Ge)3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Gorceixite | BaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 | Mon. m : Bm |
| Kintoreite | PbFe3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Kintoreite-2c | PbFe3+3(PO4)2(OH,H2O)6 | |
| Plumbogummite | PbAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Springcreekite | BaV3+3(PO4)2(OH,H2O)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| UM2006-23-PO:AlBiCaFeH | (Ca,Bi)(Fe,Al)3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 | |
| Unnamed (As-analogue of Zaïrite) | (Bi,Pb)Fe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)6 | |
| Waylandite | BiAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Zaïrite | BiFe3+3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 50 photos of Goyazite associated with Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| 49 photos of Goyazite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 31 photos of Goyazite associated with Wardite | NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| 21 photos of Goyazite associated with Siderite | FeCO3 |
| 16 photos of Goyazite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 14 photos of Goyazite associated with Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| 13 photos of Goyazite associated with Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| 13 photos of Goyazite associated with Palermoite | Li2SrAl4(PO4)4(OH)4 |
| 10 photos of Goyazite associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
| 9 photos of Goyazite associated with Hydroxylherderite | CaBe(PO4)(OH) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.BL. | Kiryuite | NaMnAl(PO4)F3 |
| 8.BL. | Metaheimite | PbCu2(AsO4)(OH)3 |
| 8.BL. | Graulichite-(La) | LaFe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL. | Cloudite | BaFe3+3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL. | Oberwolfachite | SrFe3+3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Gallobeudantite | PbGa3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Slottaite | SrFe3+3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Corkite | PbFe3+3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Hidalgoite | PbAl3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Hinsdalite | PbAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | UM2011-07-POSO:AlBaH | BaAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Kemmlitzite | SrAl3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Beudantite | PbFe3+3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Weilerite | BaAl3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Woodhouseite | CaAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Svanbergite | SrAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Segnitite | PbFe3+3AsO4(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Arsenogoyazite | SrAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Arsenogorceixite | BaAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Dussertite | BaFe3+3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Galloplumbogummite | Pb(Ga,Al,Ge)3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Stibiosegnitite | Pb(Fe3+2.5Sb5+0.5)(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 va | Viséite | |
| 8.BL.10 | Arsenocrandallite | CaAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Benauite | SrFe3+3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Philipsbornite | PbAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Crandallite | CaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Springcreekite | BaV3+3(PO4)2(OH,H2O)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Eylettersite | Th0.75Al3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Kintoreite | PbFe3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Plumbogummite | PbAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Gorceixite | BaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Florencite-(Ce) | CeAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Florencite-(La) | LaAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Florencite-(Nd) | NdAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Zaïrite | BiFe3+3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Arsenoflorencite-(La) | LaAl3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Arsenoflorencite-(Nd) | NdAl3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Unnamed (As-analogue of Zaïrite) | (Bi,Pb)Fe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Arsenoflorencite-(Ce) | CeAl3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Graulichite-(Ce) | CeFe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Arsenowaylandite | BiAl3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Waylandite | BiAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Florencite-(Sm) | SmAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.15 | Viitaniemiite | Na(Ca,Mn2+)Al(PO4)(F,OH)3 |
| 8.BL.25 | Pattersonite | PbFe3+3(PO4)2(OH)5 · H2O |
Fluorescence of Goyazite
Not Fluorescent
Other Information
Notes:
Slowly soluble in acids.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Goyazite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1787.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
References for Goyazite
Reference List:
Damour, Augustin-Alexis (1884) Note sur un nouveau phosphate d'alumine et de chaux des terrains diamantifères [goyazite]. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 7 (6) 204-205 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1884.1862
Penfleld, S. L. (1897) Ueber die chemische Zusammensetzung des Hamlinits und sein Vorkommen mit Bertrandit in Oxford County, Maine. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 28 (1-6). 588-591 doi:10.1524/zkri.1897.28.1.588(as Hamlinit)
Solly, R. H. (1905) Some new minerals from the Binnenthal, Switzerland. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 14 (64) 72-82 doi:10.1180/minmag.1905.014.64.03
Bowman, H. L. (1907) On Hamlinite from the Binnenthal, Switzerland. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 14 (67) 389-393 doi:10.1180/minmag.1907.014.67.13 (hamlinite discreditation)
Schaller, W.T. (1911) The alunite-beudantite group. American Journal of Science: 32: 359-364.(hamlinite discreditation)
de Gramont, Arnaud (1917) Recherches spectrales sur la composition de la goyazite. Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie, 40 (1). 26-34 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1917.3665
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.82
McKie, Duncan (1962) Goyazite and florencite from two African carbonatites. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 33 (259) 281-297 doi:10.1180/minmag.1962.033.259.03
Triplehorn, Don M. (1983) Goyazite in Kaolinitic Altered Tuff Beds of Cretaceous Age Near Denver, Colorado. Clays and Clay Minerals, 31 (4) 299-304 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1983.0310408
Gilkes, R. J., Palmer, B. (1983) Synthesis, properties, and dehydroxylation of members of the crandallite-goyazite series. Mineralogical Magazine, 47 (343) 221-227 doi:10.1180/minmag.1983.047.343.13
KATO, Toshio (1987) Further refinement of the goyazite structure. Mineralogical Journal, 13 (6) 390-396 doi:10.2465/minerj.13.390
Nathan, Y., Panczer, G., Gross, S. (1988) The thermal analysis of some phosphate minerals: strengite, lipscombite, cyrilovite and goyazite. Thermochimica Acta, 135. 259-266 doi:10.1016/0040-6031(88)87395-7
Pring, A., Birch, W. D., Dawe, J., Taylor, M., Deliens, M., Walenta, K. (1995) Kintoreite, PbFe3(PO4)2(OH,H2O)6, a new mineral of the jarosite-alunite family, and lusungite discredited. Mineralogical Magazine, 59 (394) 143-148 doi:10.1180/minmag.1995.59.394.14 (lusungite = goyazite)
Jambor, John L. (1999) Nomenclature of the alunite supergroup. The Canadian Mineralogist, 37 (6). 1323-1341
Localities for Goyazite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Colombo et al. (2011) |
| Mercado et al. (2025) |
| Slater (2016) |
| Galliski et al. (2012) |
| Galliski et al. (2012) | |
Australia | |
| Hurtig et al. (2014) |
| Noble |
| Eagle et al. (2015) |
| Personally collected by Ryan Eagle in ... | |
| Eagle (2009) |
| Lottermoser (1987) |
| Peter Downes |
Austria | |
| Walter et al. (2020) |
| Walter et al. (2020) |
| Zirkl (1988) +1 other reference |
| Pichler (2009) |
| G.Blaß (2000) |
| Pichler (2009) | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2021) |
| Brandstätter et al. (2013) |
| Auer (2019) |
| Putz et al. (2004) |
| Bernhard et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| SEM-EDS on polished section | |
| Bernhard (1998) | |
| Bernhard (2006, 2010) |
| |
| Hollerer (1999) |
| Bernhard F. et al. (1996) |
Belgium | |
| Blondieau et al. (2016) |
Bolivia | |
| Analyses by Dr. Anthony Kampf on Los ... +1 other reference |
| Schultz et al. (2004) | |
| Dipl. Min. M. Schaeffer |
| Salomon Rivas and Federico Ahlfeld: Los Minerales de Bolivia y sus Parajes (Santa Cruz, 1998) |
Brazil | |
| Franz et al. (2014) |
| Berger et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Orris et al. (2002) | |
| Berger et al. (2009) | |
| Santos et al. (2024) |
| Berger et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Sioeira et al. (1982) |
| Orris et al. (2002) +3 other references |
| Waber (1991) |
| Damour (1884) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Diamond News +1 other reference | |
| www.simkevmicromounts.com (n.d.) |
| ... |
| Waber (1991) |
| Rev. Esc. Minas vol.57 no.4 Ouro Preto ... |
| White (1981) +1 other reference |
| Manfredi (2013) |
Burundi | |
| Berger et al. (2009) |
Canada | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Leybourne et al. (2025) |
| Chakhmouradian et al. (2015) |
| Ercit et al. (2010) |
| Kontak (2004) |
| Alexandre et al. (2012) |
| Cloutier et al. (2009) | |
| Robinson et al. (1992) |
| 150-152. +2 other references | |
| Collected by Rod Tyson | |
| Robinson et al. (1992) |
| Robinson et al. (1992) | |
China | |
| Zou et al. (2014) |
| Rao +6 other references |
| Bingwu Chu and Chunfang Zhao (2000) |
| Zhang et al. (2025) |
| Shifeng Dai et al. (2006) | |
| Liu et al. (2025) | |
| Yuan et al. (2019) |
| Yang et al. (2016) |
| Zhang et al. (2022) |
| YANG et al. (2014) |
| Yang et al. (2022) | |
| Chen et al. (2022) |
| Shen Zhongyue and Ye Ying (1996) |
Czech Republic | |
| Dolníček et al. (2023) |
| Moravec +4 other references |
| Breiter K. |
| Sejkora et al. (2021) |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) | |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) |
| Scharm +7 other references |
| Dolníček et al. (2023) |
| Masau +2 other references |
| Pauliš et al. (2020) |
| Novák |
| |
| |
| |
| Novák +4 other references |
DR Congo | |
| Van Wambeke (1958) +1 other reference |
Europe | |
| Sejkora et al. (2009) |
Finland | |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
France | |
| Queneau (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Uwe Kolitsch (SEM-EDS) +1 other reference |
| Kuntz et al. (2025) |
| Moëlo et al. (2006) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| 58. +1 other reference |
| Lapis (7/8) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Dill (2009) |
| Dill et al. (2013) | |
| Mücke et al. (2011) | |
| Dill et al. (1995) |
| EDX/XRD confirmed by Günter Blaß |
| Martin (1994) +1 other reference |
| Witzke et al. (2013) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greece | |
| Möckel (2000) |
Indonesia | |
| doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13179.41767 +1 other reference |
| Hakim (2017) | |
Iran | |
| Sinisi R. et al. (2019) |
Italy | |
| Bracco et al. (2007) |
| Bracco et al. (2016) |
| Cortesogno et al. (1987) +2 other references |
| Bracco et al. (2016) | |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) |
| Bedogné et al. (1994) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Morteani et al. (1996) |
| Folie et al. (2010) | |
| Stéphane Cuchet (2025) |
| D'Angeli et al. (2018) |
Japan | |
| SHIROSE et al. (2014) |
| Nishio-Hamane et al. (2023) |
| Matsubara et al. (1998) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Kenya | |
| Berger et al. (2009) |
Madagascar | |
| Ackermand et al. (2006) |
| Ackermand et al. (2006) | |
| Morteani et al. (2006) |
Malawi | |
| Wall et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Dowman et al. (2017) |
Morocco | |
| Malainine et al. (2025) |
Namibia | |
| in the collection of Joachim Esche |
| E. Schnaitmann et al. (2008) |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Jahn et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
Poland | |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) |
| Grabarczyk et al. (2022) |
| Kruszewski et al. (2020) |
| KRUSZEWSKI et al. (2018) |
| Migaszewski et al. (2007) | |
Portugal | |
| Cathelineau et al. (2024) |
| Figueiras +3 other references | |
| Maijer 1965 |
| Dias P et al. (2014) |
| Martins et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
Romania | |
| Hirtopanu (2006) |
| Ed.:Szakáll S.-Kristály ... +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| Izbrodin et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Dubinina et al. (2011, July) |
| Nikulova et al. (2022) |
| Pilipiuk et al. (2001) |
| Liferovich et al. (1998) |
| Zhitova et al. (2019) |
| Liferovich et al. (1998) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| S.M. Kravchenko and B.G. Pokrovsky +1 other reference |
| Lazareva et al. (2015) | |
Serbia | |
| Buttinger-Kreuzhuber et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
Slovakia | |
| Petrik et al. (2011) |
| Radvanec M. and Gonda S. (2020) |
| Rojkovič I. et al. (1999) | |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Pauliš et al. (2002) | |
| Uher P. et al. (2009) |
| Uher P. et al. (2009) |
| Uher P. et al. (2009) |
South Africa | |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| USGS Open-File Report 02-189 |
| Harmer et al. (2016) +1 other reference | |
Spain | |
| Garate-Olave et al. (2020) |
| Viñals et al. (2011) |
| Canosa et al. (2011) |
| Roza Llera +3 other references |
Sweden | |
| Larsson (1996) +1 other reference |
Switzerland | |
| Soom et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Antognoni M. et al. (2021) |
| Antognoni M. et al. (2021) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| van der Burgt +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| Günter Frenz collection (Raman-analysed) +3 other references | |
Tanzania | |
| Mgonde (1994) |
| McKie (1962) |
Tunisia | |
| Dill |
Uganda | |
| von Knorring et al. (1979) |
UK | |
| Elton et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Livingstone et al. (1983) | |
Ukraine | |
| Chukhrov F.V. et al. (1987) |
| Belous et al. (1984) |
| Pitrovskaya (1939) +1 other reference |
| Pitrovskaya (1939) +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Howard (1987) +1 other reference |
| ... |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| USGS Bull 583 +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min. (2007) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Collector's Edge Minerals Inc |
| Min News 20:9 pp1 | |
| King (2000) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Mineral News (1994) +2 other references |
| Gunnar Bjareby |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Thompson et al. (1998) |
| Hidden et al. (1890) +2 other references |
| Gammons et al. (2020) |
| P. Cristofono et al. (2011) |
| Rocks & Minerals Vol.65 No.4 |
| Palache et al. (1951) +4 other references | |
| Journal of Pegmatology vol. 1 +2 other references | |
| Smith (2005) +1 other reference |
| Jerry Cone Collection |
| U.S Bureau of Mines (MAS/MILS) |
| Rocks & Minerals: 60: 117. |
| Campbell et al. (1985) |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Smith et al. (2000) | |
| Loomis (2011) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Wilson (2010) | |
| Bernstein (1986) |
| Kearns et al. (2004) |
| Kearns et al. (3) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Van Rythoven et al. (2020) |
| Hutchinson et al. (2022) | |
Uzbekistan | |
| Mineraly Uzbekistana (Minerals of the Uzbekistan) |
Venezuela | |
| PARTS (1981) |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
Vietnam | |
| Hien-Dinh et al. (2017) |
Fuchsbau quarry, Tröstauer Forst-West, Wunsiedel im Fichtelgebirge, Upper Franconia, Bavaria, Germany