Nickeline
A valid IMA mineral species
This page kindly sponsored by Ed Debicki
About Nickeline
Formula:
NiAs
Colour:
Pale copper red
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
5 - 5½
Specific Gravity:
7.784
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Member of:
Name:
Originally named kupfernickel in 1694 by Urban Hjärne from the German nickname for Satan or Nick (in the sense of a mischievous deceiver), because the ore seemed to contain copper but yielded none. Renamed nickeline in 1832 by François Sulpice Beudant in allusion to its nickel contents. Also renamed niccolite by James Dwight Dana in 1868 from the Latin "niccolum".
Isostructural with:
The most common member of the nickeline group. An important nickel ore mineral.
Compare, e.g, rammelsbergite, pararammelsbergite, and (now approved/redefined) dienerite.
Compare, e.g, rammelsbergite, pararammelsbergite, and (now approved/redefined) dienerite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2901
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2901:4
IMA Classification of Nickeline
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1805
Classification of Nickeline
2.CC.05
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
C : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 1: 1 (and similar)
C : With Ni, Fe, Co, PGE, etc.
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
C : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 1: 1 (and similar)
C : With Ni, Fe, Co, PGE, etc.
2.8.11.1
2 : SULFIDES
8 : AmXp, with m:p = 1:1
2 : SULFIDES
8 : AmXp, with m:p = 1:1
3.11.27
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
11 : Sulphides etc. of Ni
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
11 : Sulphides etc. of Ni
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Nc | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Nc | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Nickeline
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Pale copper red
Comment:
Tarnishes to lead grey, greyish, or black
Streak:
Pale brownish black
Hardness:
5 - 5½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
7.784 g/cm3 (Measured) 7.834 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Nickeline
Anisotropism:
Very strong, light greenish yellow to slate-gray
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) | R2 (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 400nm | 39.2% | 45.4% |
| 420nm | 38.0% | 44.2% |
| 440nm | 36.8% | 43.5% |
| 460nm | 36.2% | 43.2% |
| 480nm | 37.2% | 44.3% |
| 500nm | 39.6% | 46.4% |
| 520nm | 42.3% | 48.6% |
| 540nm | 45.3% | 50.7% |
| 560nm | 48.2% | 52.8% |
| 580nm | 51.0% | 54.8% |
| 600nm | 53.7% | 56.7% |
| 620nm | 55.9% | 58.4% |
| 640nm | 57.8% | 59.9% |
| 660nm | 59.4% | 61.3% |
| 680nm | 61.0% | 62.5% |
| 700nm | 62.2% | 63.6% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 63.6%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
white with strong yellowish pink hue
Pleochroism:
Strong
Comments:
Whitish yellow-pink to light brownish pink.
Chemistry of Nickeline
Mindat Formula:
NiAs
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Sb,Fe,Co,S
Crystallography of Nickeline
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Class (H-M):
6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) - Dihexagonal Dipyramidal
Space Group:
P63/mcm
Cell Parameters:
a = 3.602 Å, c = 5.009 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 1.391
Unit Cell V:
56.28 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Twinning:
On {1011} producing fourlings, possibly on {3141}
Crystallographic forms of Nickeline
Crystal Atlas:
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0017953 | Nickeline | Aminoff G (1923) Untersuchungen ueber die Kristallstrukturen von Wurtzit und Rotnickelkies. _cod_database_code 1011052 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 58 203-219 | 1923 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0011580 | Nickeline | Wyckoff R W G (1963) Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York Crystal Structures 1 85-237 | 1963 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0017940 | Nickeline | Alsen N (1925) Roentgenographische Untersuchungen der Kristallstrukturen von Magnetkies, Breithauptit, Pentlandit, Millerit und verwandten Verbindungen _cod_database_code 1011036 Geologiska Foreningens i Stockholm Forhandlingar 47 19-73 | 1925 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0013179 | Nickeline | Thompson J G, Rae A D, Withers R L, Welberry T R, Willis A C (1988) The crystal structure of nickel arsenide Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics 21 4007-4015 | 1988 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0013180 | Nickeline | Thompson J G, Rae A D, Withers R L, Welberry T R, Willis A C (1988) The crystal structure of nickel arsenide Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics 21 4007-4015 | 1988 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.66 Å | (100) |
| 1.961 Å | (90) |
| 1.811 Å | (80) |
| 1.071 Å | (40) |
| 1.328 Å | (30) |
| 1.033 Å | (30) |
| 0.821 Å | (30) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 37 : Layered igneous intrusions and related PGE minerals |
Synonyms of Nickeline
Other Language Names for Nickeline
Basque:Nikelina
Dutch:Nickelien
Finnish:Nikkoliitti
French:Nickéline
Greek:Νικελίνης
Hungarian:Nikkelin
Norwegian:Kobbernikkel
Polish:Nikielin
Russian:Никелин
Simplified Chinese:红砷镍矿
Slovak:Nikelín
Spanish:Nickelita
Niquelina
Niquel Rojo
Niquelina
Niquel Rojo
Ukrainian:Нікелін
Relationship of Nickeline to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Nickeline Group:
| Achávalite | FeSe | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mmc |
| Breithauptite | NiSb | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mmc |
| Driekopite | PtBi | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mmc |
| Freboldite | CoSe | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mmc |
| Kotulskite | Pd(Te,Bi)2-x (x ≈ 0.4) | Hex. |
| Langisite | CoAs | Hex. 6 : P63 |
| Sederholmite | NiSe | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mmc |
| Sobolevskite | PdBi | Hex. |
| Stumpflite | PtSb | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mmc |
| Sudburyite | PdSb | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mmc |
| Vavřínite | Ni2SbTe2 | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mmc |
| Zlatogorite | NiCuSb2 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3 1m |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 308 photos of Nickeline associated with Rammelsbergite | NiAs2 |
| 227 photos of Nickeline associated with Nickelskutterudite | NiAs3 |
| 143 photos of Nickeline associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 131 photos of Nickeline associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 102 photos of Nickeline associated with Gersdorffite | NiAsS |
| 92 photos of Nickeline associated with Maucherite | Ni11As8 |
| 79 photos of Nickeline associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| 75 photos of Nickeline associated with Native Silver | Ag |
| 69 photos of Nickeline associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
| 68 photos of Nickeline associated with Native Bismuth | Bi |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 2.CC. | Eliopoulosite | V7S8 |
| 2.CC. | Tilkerodeite | Pd2HgSe3 |
| 2.CC. | UM2007-26-S:CuFeIrNiPtRh | (Ir,Cu,Ni,Pt,Rh,Fe)9S11 |
| 2.CC. | Proxitwelvefoldite | Pd3Ni4Te8 |
| 2.CC. | Ferrotorryweiserite | Rh5Fe10S16 |
| 2.CC. | Tamuraite | Ir5Fe10S16 |
| 2.CC. | Crowningshieldite | (Ni0.9Fe0.1)S |
| 2.CC. | Kuvaevite | Ir5Ni10S16 |
| 2.CC. | Torryweiserite | Rh5Ni10S16 |
| 2.CC.05 | Achávalite | FeSe |
| 2.CC.05 | Langisite | CoAs |
| 2.CC.05 | Sederholmite | NiSe |
| 2.CC.05 | Freboldite | CoSe |
| 2.CC.05 | Sobolevskite | PdBi |
| 2.CC.05 | Jaipurite | CoS |
| 2.CC.05 | Kotulskite | Pd(Te,Bi)2-x (x ≈ 0.4) |
| 2.CC.05 | Zlatogorite | NiCuSb2 |
| 2.CC.05 | Stumpflite | PtSb |
| 2.CC.05 | Sudburyite | PdSb |
| 2.CC.05 | Breithauptite | NiSb |
| 2.CC.10 | Pyrrhotite | Fe1-xS |
| 2.CC.10 | Smythite | (Fe,Ni)3+xS4 (x=0-0.3) |
| 2.CC.10 | Troilite | FeS |
| 2.CC.15 | Ruthenarsenite | (Ru,Ni)As |
| 2.CC.15 | Westerveldite | (Fe,Ni,Co)As |
| 2.CC.15 | Modderite | CoAs |
| 2.CC.15 | Minakawaite | RhSb |
| 2.CC.15 | Cherepanovite | RhAs |
| 2.CC.20 | UM1990-38-S:CuFeIrNiPtRh | (Ni,Fe,Rh,Cu,Ir,Pt)S |
| 2.CC.20 | Millerite | NiS |
| 2.CC.20 | Mäkinenite | NiSe |
| 2.CC.25 | Mackinawite | FeS |
| 2.CC.30 | Vavřínite | Ni2SbTe2 |
| 2.CC.30 | Hexatestibiopanickelite | (Pd,Ni)(Sb,Te) ? |
| 2.CC.35b | Cooperite | PtS |
| 2.CC.35a | Vysotskite | PdS |
| 2.CC.35a | Braggite | PdPt3S4 |
| 2.CC.45 | Jacutingaite | Pt2HgSe3 |
| 2.CC.50 | Imgreite | NiTe (?) |
Other Information
Notes:
Fusable at 2.
Gives nickel test with dimethylglyoxine.
Gives nickel test with dimethylglyoxine.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Nickeline
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2901.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
References for Nickeline
Reference List:
Beudant, François-Sulpice (1830) Traité élémentaire de minéralogie. Deuxiéme Edition [Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy. Second Edition] (2nd ed.) Vol. 1 - Tome Premier [Volume One]. Chez Verdière. pp.586-589
Russell, Arthur (1927) Notice of an occurrence of niccolite and ullmannite at the Settlingstones Mine, Fourstones, Northumberland; and of serpierite at Ross Island Mine, Killarney, Co. Kerry, Ireland. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 21 (119) 383-387 doi:10.1180/minmag.1927.021.119.03
Berry, L. G., Thompson, R. M. (1962) X-Ray Powder Data for Ore Minerals: the Peacock Atlas. GSA Memoir 85. Geological Society of America doi:10.1130/mem85p.62
Lutz, H. D.; Haeuseler, H.; Willich, P. (1975) Gitterschwingungsspektren. XIV NiAs-und Fe3Se4 -Struktur / Lattice Vibration Spectra. XIV. NiAs and Fe3Se4 Structure. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A, 30 (3). 308-311 doi:10.1515/zna-1975-0308
Thompson, J G; Rae, A D; Withers, R L; Welberry, T R; Willis, A C (1988) Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics, 21 (22). 4007-4015 doi:10.1088/0022-3719/21/22/016
Hua, G L, Welberry, T R, Withers, R L (1988) Diffuse scattering in nickel arsenide, NiAs. Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics, 21 (21). 3863-3876 doi:10.1088/0022-3719/21/21/009
Localities for Nickeline
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Albania | |
| Çina (2010) |
| Cina (2009) |
Argentina | |
| Zappettini et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Milka K. de Brodtkorb (1973) +2 other references | |
| De Brodtkorb (2009) |
| Brodtkorb (2002) | |
| Rutley (1902) | |
| Las Especies Minerales de La Republica ... |
| de Brodtkorb (1973) |
| Zappettini et al. (2014) |
| Encyclopedia of Minerals |
Australia | |
| Degeling (1982) |
| Stevens (1972) |
| Stanton (1953) | |
| Worner et al. (1982) |
| Lawrence et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Ramdohr (1950) |
| McNeill (1973) |
| Graham (1978) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Marston (1984) |
| Naldrett (2004) |
| Hudson (1986) |
| Marston (1984) |
| Marston (1984) |
| Nickel et al. (1994) |
| Barnes +1 other reference | |
| www.mincor.com.au (2006) | |
| Marston (1984) | |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Ben Grguric collection |
| Marston (1984) | |
| Marston (1984) |
| Marston (1984) |
| Prichard et al. (2013) | |
| Godel et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
| www.portergeo.com.au (2004) |
| Barnes (2007) |
| Salama et al. (2025) |
| Disseminated and Massive Nickel ... +2 other references |
| Gole et al. (2000) | |
| Grguric (2003) |
| Mueller (1997) |
| Mueller (1997) | |
Austria | |
| Meixner (1976) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Fugger (1878) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Hackenberg (2003) |
| Melcher+Mali (1998) |
| www.vstm.at (2004) |
| Strasser (1989) +2 other references |
| C.Auer (2019) |
| Haditsch (1964) |
| - (1994, July) |
Belgium | |
| Dejonghe (1990) +2 other references |
Bolivia | |
| Federico Ahlfeld y Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) |
| Machlan et al. (1989) |
Brazil | |
| Ázaro (2013) +1 other reference |
| Marchetto (1990) |
| deMelo et al. (2016) |
Bulgaria | |
| Bul. Acad. Sci. (1998) |
Canada | |
| personal correspondence with Giles ... |
| Jackson-Brown et al. (2014) |
| Manor et al. (2014) |
| Phillips (1979) |
| Chen +4 other references | |
| Phillips (1979) |
| dnre-mrne.gnb.ca (2006) +1 other reference |
| dnre-mrne.gnb.ca (2006) | |
| Grice et al. (1996) |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Hill |
| Badham (1975) |
| Silke (2009) | |
| Badham (1975) | |
| D. C. Harris (1973) +1 other reference | |
| ntgomap.nwtgeoscience.ca (n.d.) |
| Thompson (1951) | |
| Badham et al. (1980) |
| Badham et al. (1980) | |
| Badham et al. (1980) | |
| Badham et al. (1980) | |
| Thompson (1951) | |
| Lang (1952) +1 other reference |
| Lang (1952) | |
| Lang (1952) +1 other reference | |
| Silke (2009) | |
| Bailey (2017) | |
| Lang (1952) | |
| Rich et al. (1977) | |
| Can Mineral February 1985 v. 23 no. 1 ... +1 other reference |
| Thorpe et al. (1976) |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
| MDI41I06NW00012 |
| Ames et al. (2003) | |
| Hawley et al. (1961) | |
| Min Mag (1980) | |
| Hawley et al. (1961) |
| Ames et al. (2003) | |
| Warren (2013) | |
| Hawley et al. (1961) +1 other reference | |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
| Hawley et al. (1961) +1 other reference |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
| Ames et al. (2003) | |
| Hawley et al. (1961) +1 other reference | |
| Ames et al. (2003) | |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
| Bennett G. (1978) |
| Hawley et al. (1962) | |
| Cabri et al. (1974) |
| 157-158. +1 other reference | |
| Ames et al. (2017) |
| Cabri et al. (1979) |
| Willet Miller (1905) |
| Sabina (1991) | |
| Ohnenstetter et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
| MDI Number: MDI52A04SE00026 |
| Sessional papers (1908) +1 other reference |
| 159-161. +1 other reference |
| Sabina (2000) |
| Sabina (2000) | |
| Mielke (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Sabina (1974) +1 other reference |
| Mielke (n.d.) |
| Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous ... +1 other reference | |
| Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous ... +3 other references |
| Reiner Mielke 2016 | |
| Mining and scientific press | |
| Can Mineral December 1971 v. 11 no. 1 ... | |
| Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous ... +1 other reference | |
| Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous ... +1 other reference | |
| Sabina (2000) | |
| Sergiades +2 other references | |
| ontariominerals.com | |
| Mielke (n.d.) | |
| Sabina (1974) | |
| Pring et al. (1998) | |
| Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous ... +1 other reference | |
| ontariominerals.com +2 other references | |
| Satterly (1977) +1 other reference | |
| R.Mielke 2009 | |
| Sabina (2000) | |
| Thirty - First Annual Report of the ... +1 other reference | |
| Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous ... +1 other reference | |
| the Canadian Mineralogist V 11 Part 1 ... | |
| Sixteenth Annual Report of The Bureau ... +2 other references | |
| Reiner Mielke 2016 | |
| Thirty - First Annual Report of the ... +1 other reference |
| Thirty - First Annual Report of the ... +1 other reference | |
| Sabina (2000) | |
| Traill (1983) +1 other reference | |
| Sergiades | |
| Sabina (2000) | |
| Mielke (n.d.) | |
| Sabina (2000) | |
| Sabina (2000) | |
| Collection Andrew Debnam Mindat ID ... | |
| Reiner Mielke 2016 |
| Sabina (2000) | |
| R.Mielke | |
| Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous ... +1 other reference | |
| Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous ... +1 other reference | |
| Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous ... +1 other reference | |
| Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous ... +1 other reference | |
| Can Mineral December 1971 v. 11 no. 1 ... +2 other references | |
| Robert C. Smith |
| Sergiades +1 other reference | |
| Annual report of the Ontario Department of Mines et al. (1907) | |
| Sergiades | |
| Collection A.Debnam |
| Burrows (1922) |
| Burrows (1922) |
| Sabina (2000) |
| Dana 7:I:193-194. +3 other references | |
| Mielke (n.d.) | |
| Sabina (2000) |
| Burrows (1922) +1 other reference |
| Burrows (1922) |
| Burrows (1922) | |
| Burrows (1922) | |
| Burrows (1922) | |
| |
| Sabina (1974) +1 other reference | |
| Burrows (1922) | |
| Ontario Dept. of Mines | |
| Burrows (1922) |
| Can Mineral December 1971 v. 11 no. 1 ... |
| MDI41P10SW00023 |
| Ontario Dept. of Mines | |
| Sabina (2000) | |
| Burrows (1922) |
| Burrows (1922) | |
| Burrows (1922) | |
| Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous ... +1 other reference | |
| Sabina (1974) +1 other reference | |
| Burrows (1922) |
| Mielke (n.d.) |
| Ontario Dept. of Mines +2 other references | |
| MDI Number: MDI31M04NE00023 | |
| Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous ... +2 other references | |
| Sabina (1974) +1 other reference | |
| Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous ... +1 other reference | |
| Sabina (2000) | |
| Smith (2021) |
| 179-181. +2 other references |
| Girard (1971) |
| Am Min 51:677-684 | |
| HORVÁTH et al. (2000) |
| Dillon-Leitch (1990) |
| www.ir.gov.sk.ca (2003) |
| Maurice et al. (1983) +1 other reference | |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol.26 (1988) | |
| Knipping (1974) | |
| Boulanger (2012) | |
| Watkinson et al. (1975) | |
| USGS Open File Report 81-1666 +1 other reference |
| Barkov et al. (2002) |
Chile | |
| Galdames et al. (2010) |
China | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Maozhong Min (1985) |
| Chengmu Fan and Chongyao Cao (1991) |
| Enhuan Jia (1986) +1 other reference |
| Min (1995) |
| Jingwen Mao and Andao Du (2002) |
| Jingwen Mao and Andao Du (2002) | |
| Jingwen Mao and Andao Du (2002) | |
| Tang et al. (2024) +1 other reference |
| Maozhong Min et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| Maozhong Min and Xiangyun Wang (1994) |
| Jinjie Yu et al. (2013) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| Yongwei Huang et al. (2008) |
| Min et al. (1997) |
| Dongqing Xu et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Dequan Zhang et al. (1991) |
| Rengui Wu and Dagan Yu (2000) |
| Rengui Wu and Dagan Yu (2000) |
| Zicheng Chen (1991) |
| Chunyan Dong et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Han et al. (2020) |
| Xueming Wang et al. (2002) |
| Xishe Zhang (2012) |
| Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006) |
| Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006) | |
| Xiaoqiang Hu et al. (2001) |
| |
| Wang et al. (2023) |
| Mingzhe Xia et al. (2013) |
| Guofan Liu et al. (2005) | |
| Zuoheng Zhang et al. (2007) |
| Yan Sun et al. (2009) | |
| Han et al. (2007) |
| Zhu et al. (2016) |
| Jingchun Wang and Nan Fang (2005) |
| Kaiji Yu (1981) |
| Wang et al. (2025) |
| Nansheng Chen (1996) |
Czech Republic | |
| Škácha et al. (2021) |
| |
| |
| Kaspar et al. (1991) | |
| Kašpar | |
| Kohout et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Duda |
| Ondruš et al. (2003) | |
| Dr Gunther Grundmann collection and ID (Berlin) | |
| Gramblička (n.d.) |
| Fengl (1.) |
| Scharm +7 other references | |
| Bradna |
| Sejkora (2016) |
| Pauliš et al. (2004) |
| Sejkora (1994) |
| Fiala V. (1977) |
| Pauliš P. Nejzajímavější ... | |
| www.mineralos.cz (2002) |
| Parma (1973) |
| Roman Gramblicka collection +1 other reference |
| Hyrsl et al. (2009) |
| Cempírek |
| Kříbek et al. (2009) |
DR Congo | |
| Uchôa Filho et al. (2025) |
| Weiss (2006) +1 other reference |
East Timor | |
| Angela Lay et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
Egypt | |
| Helmy (2005) |
Ethiopia | |
| Billay et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
Finland | |
| www.gsf.fi (2002) +1 other reference |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2008 ... +1 other reference | |
| Mutanen |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ... +4 other references |
| 33 IGC excursion No 15 +2 other references |
| Molnár et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Hytönen (1999) |
| Econ Geol (1995) |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2006 ... |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2007 ... +1 other reference |
| Papunen +1 other reference |
| Peltonen et al. (1995) |
| Hytönen (1999) |
| Hänninen (1978) |
France | |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| ... |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Pillard F. et al. (1985) |
| Bari (1982) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) | |
| De Bondt (n.d.) | |
| Pierre et Terre 1982 | |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Nicolas Meisser September 2009 ananlysis |
| Dana 7:I:237 |
| Lips (2006) |
| Inventaire Mineralogique de la France ... |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Bariand et al. (n.d.) |
| Bariand et al. (n.d.) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2020) |
| Belendorff (1998) |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference | |
| |
| |
| Staude et al. (2012) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schwarzmeier et al. (2015) +2 other references |
| Nickel et al. (1985) |
| Nickel et al. (1985) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Nickel et al. (1985) |
| Wagner et al. (2002) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Aufschluss 1989 (4) |
| Detlef Heilwagen collection |
| Aufschluss 73 (7+8) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Dürrfeld (1911) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Eigenfunde/Halde Manfred Gross |
| Günter Grundmann collection | |
| 70. +1 other reference |
| |
| Baumgärtl (2014) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Rolf Golze +3 other references |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Golze +3 other references | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lapis 1988 (1) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| Aufschluss 69/ (7+8) +1 other reference |
| Krupp (1989) |
| Heidtke (2001) |
| Noll (1984) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Siemroth et al. (1999) |
| Grünling (1913) | |
| Leon Hupperichs collection | |
| Verein Mansfelder Berg- und Hüttenleute e.V. und Bergbaumuseum Bochum (Hrsg.) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2016) | |
| Haas (n.d.) |
| Sandmann et al. (2015) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) | |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Leon Hupperichs collection | |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) | |
| Förster et al. (2005) |
| Gerstenberg (n.d.) | |
| Vollstädt et al. (1991) | |
| ex- Dr Gunther Grundmann collection | |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2011) |
| Gröbner et al. (2007) |
| Martin et al. (1994) |
| Baumann et al. (2000) | |
| M Kampf collection |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Mandarino (2001) +1 other reference | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) | |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) | |
| G. van der Veldt collection |
| Massanek et al. (2005) | |
| Massanek et al. (2005) | |
| Massanek et al. (2005) | |
| Massanek et al. (2005) |
| Massanek et al. (2005) | |
| Massanek et al. (2005) |
| Gröbner et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Haas (n.d.) | |
| Gramblička (n.d.) |
| Frenzel (1874) |
| 90. +1 other reference |
| Frenzel (1874) |
| Weiß et al. (2001) |
| Dr. Günter Grundmann collection |
| Tröger (2012) |
| 50. +1 other reference |
| Dr. Günter Grundmann collection |
| Gröbner et al. (2007) +1 other reference | |
| Gerhard Brandstetter collection |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Gerstenberg (n.d.) |
Ghana | |
| Mücke et al. (1999) |
Greece | |
| |
| Bonev et al. (2005) +2 other references |
| Kanellopoulos et al. (2024) |
Greenland | |
| Sørensen (2001) +1 other reference |
| Sørensen (1962) +1 other reference |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll & Gatter |
India | |
| Sinha et al. (2018) |
| Canadian Mineralogist 40:277-309 |
| Augé et al. (2002, July) | |
Iran | |
| Javad Amiri collection. |
| Dr. Günter Grundmann collection | |
| Tarkian et al. (1983) +3 other references | |
Iraq | |
| Yassin et al. (Eds.) |
Ireland | |
| Yesares +10 other references |
Italy | |
| Vergani et al. (2024) |
| Scaini (1970) +1 other reference | |
| Carmagnola et al. (2019) | |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Prete (1995) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Respino (1980) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Boscardin et al. (2013) |
| De Michele (1974) |
| doi.org (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Bombicci (1877) +1 other reference | |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1993) |
| Stara et al. (1993) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Jervis (1881) +2 other references | |
| Jervis (1881) +3 other references | |
| Dessau (1936) +2 other references | |
| doi.org (n.d.) +4 other references | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| - (n.d.) +2 other references | |
| doi.org (n.d.) +3 other references | |
| Scano (2023) | |
| G.Conti-Vecchi et al. (1991) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Piepoli (1934) | |
| Stara P. (1996) | |
| - (n.d.) +3 other references | |
| Piepoli (1933) +1 other reference |
| Lecca et al. (2022) |
| Bombicci (1877) +5 other references |
| De Castro (1890) +3 other references | |
| Traverso (1881) +3 other references | |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2013) |
Japan | |
| Tanaka et al. (2010) |
| Petrov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| - (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Ishiyama (1982) |
| Bamba (1981) |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) +1 other reference |
| Haruna et al. (2002) |
| Yoshihide Shiga (1983) |
| D Ishiyama (2000) |
| Watanabe (1959) |
| Katsu Kaneko (1956) |
| Kato et al. (1994) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Kovalev et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| doi.org (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Saveliev et al. (2023) |
| Saveliev et al. (2023) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Stepanets et al. (2018) |
Kosovo | |
| Hiessleitner (1934) |
Mauritania | |
| Sakellaris et al. (2008) |
| Kolb et al. (2006) | |
Mexico | |
| American Mineralogist 28:257-271 +1 other reference |
Mongolia | |
| Borisenko et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
Morocco | |
| Jahn et al. (2003) |
| Jébrak et al. (1998) |
| Jahn (2002) | |
| Favreau et al. (2007) |
| Subías et al. (2022) | |
| Guilbert et al. (1968) +1 other reference |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Maria Lázaro et al. (2012) |
| Pina et al. (2013) |
| Gervilla et al. (1990) | |
| Gervilla et al. (1990) | |
| Gervilla et al. (1990) | |
Niger | |
| Randabel et al. (2018) |
Norway | |
| Vogt (1884) +1 other reference |
| Scheerer (1848) |
| Kvamsdal (2023) |
| Neumann (1944) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Kjerulf et al. (1861) +1 other reference | |
| Larsen et al. (2019) |
| Nilsson (1990) |
Oman | |
| |
Poland | |
| Oszczepalski (1999) |
| Eigiusz Szełęg collection |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Siuda (2012) |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Mochnacka et al. (2012) | |
| Pieczka et al. (1988) |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) |
| Hoehne (1936) +2 other references | |
| Gil et al. (2019) |
| Piestrzyński et al. (2012) | |
| Harańczyk C. 1967: Charakterystyka ... +1 other reference |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Auguścik-Górajek et al. (2021) |
| Madziarz (2006) +1 other reference |
| Muszer et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) |
| Karwowski et al. (2012) |
Portugal | |
| |
Romania | |
| dan weinrich +3 other references |
| Zajzon et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Ilinca (1998) +1 other reference |
| Natural History Museum Vienna collection (catalogued in 1827) |
| Ilinca (1998) +1 other reference | |
| Cook et al. (2002) | |
| Ilinca (1998) +2 other references | |
| Ilinca (1998) +1 other reference | |
| Hirtopanu et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Minerals of Carpathians |
Russia | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Peskov et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
| Safina +7 other references |
| Melekestseva (2005) | |
| Galuskin (2007) |
| Kislov +1 other reference | |
| Gritsenko et al. (2008) +2 other references |
| Sorokina et al. (2019) |
| Nagornaya et al. (2020) +1 other reference |
| www.igem.ru (2001) +1 other reference |
| Sidorov et al. (2009) +2 other references |
| Tararin et al. (2007) |
| Tararin et al. (2007) | |
| Alexander V. Dedeev et al (2002) +1 other reference |
| Malitch et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Yulia D. Gritsenko (2005) +2 other references |
| Anthony et al. (1990) +3 other references | |
| Tolstykh et al. (2021) | |
| Ryabov et al. (2013) |
| Goryachev et al. (2014) |
| Neradovskii et al. (1982) |
| ... | |
| Yury L. Voytekhovsky (2008) | |
| Abzalov et al. (1997) |
| Liferovich et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Шайбеков et al. (2019) |
| Zaikov et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Perevoznikova et al. (2009) |
| Grokhovskaya et al. (2005) |
| Grishaenko et al. (2007) | |
| Ivashchenko et al. (2011, September) |
| 33rd International Geological Congress (2008) |
| Ashchepkov et al. (2021) |
| Gamyanin +6 other references |
| Volokhin et al. (2016) | |
| Антонов (2003) +1 other reference |
| Vikent'eva et al. (2016) |
| Koroteev et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
| Brusnitsyn (2000) |
| Sharygin et al. (2010, September) +1 other reference | |
| Anthony et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Palyanova et al. (2018) |
| Gillen et al. (Eds.) |
| Barkov et al. (2002) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
Serbia | |
| Radosavljević-Mihajlović et al. (2017) |
| Pačevski et al. (2018) |
Slovakia | |
| Háber et al. (SGR) |
| Pauliš et al. (2002) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Kiefer et al. (2020) | |
| Halahyjová-Andrusovová G. et al. (in Slovak) |
| Števko et al. (2020) | |
| Števko M. et al. (Slovenská republika) | |
South Africa | |
| Tolman et al. (1916) |
| Tischler et al. (1981) | |
| Henning et al. (1997) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Reeks (1996) |
| Hutchinson et al. (2005) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Kinloch et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
South Korea | |
| Nakamura (1943) |
| CHOI et al. (1985) +2 other references |
Spain | |
| Carmona Ruiz +2 other references |
| CARMONA RUIZ et al. (2025) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2003) | |
| Calvo (2003) |
| Gervilla et al. (1990) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2003) |
| Romero Silva (2003) | |
| Calvo (2003) | |
| Gervilla et al. (1990) | |
| Oen et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
| Gervilla et al. (1990) |
| Am Min 57:3 pp 354-363 +2 other references | |
| Gervilla et al. (2002) | |
| Oen et al. (1980) |
| Fanlo et al. (2005) +3 other references |
| Fanlo et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Martínez i Cantó (2015) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2003) |
| Locality description | |
| Johnson +2 other references |
| Econ Geol (1992) |
| Joan Rosell +1 other reference | |
| Mineralogistes de Catalunya |
| Joan Abella i Creus (2008) |
| Martin-Izard et al. (1995) |
Sweden | |
| |
| |
| Nyström et al. (1991) |
| Andersen (2009) +1 other reference |
| Andersen (2009) |
| |
| Magnusson (1929) |
| Sjogren (1884) | |
| Johan Söderhielm |
| |
| Mikael Jansson () |
| |
| Nysten (1990) |
| T. Wikström | |
| |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Beda Hofmann (1986) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Ansermet (2012) | |
| Ansermet (2012) | |
Tajikistan | |
| Moralev et al. (1999) |
Tanzania | |
| Barrie et al. (2010) |
Turkey | |
| Kabiru et al. (2017, April) |
UK | |
| Collins (1871) |
| Scott et al. (2010) |
| Hill et al. (1906) |
| Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society (1870) |
| Gregor (1818) +3 other references |
| Phillips (1823) +2 other references |
| 39-40 +3 other references |
| Hall (1868) +1 other reference |
| Young B |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Ixer et al. (1987) |
| Dunham et al. (2nd Edition) +1 other reference |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) | |
| Brian Craik-Smith collection +4 other references |
| Hall (1868) |
| Dana 7: I: 302. +4 other references |
| [J.Russell Soc 1998:23] |
| Temple (1954) +2 other references |
| Braithwaite et al. (1990) | |
| R. S. W. Braithwaite and J. R. Knight (1990) |
| Livingstone (2002) |
| Dawson et al. (1977) | |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1954 30 : ... |
| 5th International Platinum Symposium ... +1 other reference |
| Rutley (1902) |
| Day (1999) |
| Parnell +3 other references |
Ukraine | |
| Gornostayev et al. (2002) |
| Bobrov et al. (2006, August) +1 other reference |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| Wenrich (1988) +1 other reference |
| - (United States) +3 other references |
| Bastin (1922) +2 other references |
| Küstel (1865) +1 other reference |
| Bowen et al. (1957) +2 other references |
| Cooney (1956) +2 other references |
| Housley +3 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Rocks & Min.: 22:205. +3 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Sims (1963) |
| Dana 6:1089. |
| USGS Prof Paper 649 +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Open-File Report 83-417 +1 other reference | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Chomiak (1989) |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| - (2005) |
| MRDS #10078354 +1 other reference |
| King et al. (1994) |
| - (2005) | |
| Rainville et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Carlson et al. (2007) |
| Wilson et al. (1992) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Robert C. Smith II Ph.D. P.G. |
| - (2005) |
| - (1998) |
| 5th International Platinum Symposium ... | |
| - (2005) | |
| Raič et al. (2015) | |
| USGS Bull 1674D +2 other references |
| Volborth et al. (1986) |
| Gobla (2012) | |
| |
| Nickel Deposits in Cottonwood Canyon et al. (1939) | |
| LaPointe et al. (199) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Kleinhampl et al. (1984) +2 other references |
| Oen et al. (1984) +2 other references |
| [Rocks & Minerals Vol 68 March/April ... |
| Robert C. Smith +1 other reference | |
| Page et al. (1956) +2 other references | |
| von Bargen (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Mineral Commodity Files | |
| Mineral Commodity Files | |
| Mineral Commodity Files | |
| U. S. Geological Survey +1 other reference |
| Daniel Hummer Collection |
| Fleischer et al. (1960) | |
| Smith and Barnes (2011) |
| Smith and Barnes (2011) +1 other reference |
| Earle Sloan (1908) |
| Crook et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Milton et al. (1958) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Mineraly Uzbekistana (Minerals of the Uzbekistan) |
Vietnam | |
| Glotov et al. (2001) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Rocks & Min.: 23:422 +3 other references |




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Eisleben, Mansfeld-Südharz, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany