Pectolite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Pectolite
Formula:
NaCa2Si3O8(OH)
Colour:
Colourless, white, pale pink, greenish, pale blue
Lustre:
Sub-Vitreous, Silky
Hardness:
4½ - 5
Specific Gravity:
2.84 - 2.9
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1828 by Franz von Kobell from the Greek πηκτός (English: pektos) for "held tightly together", in allusion to its resistance to pulverization.
Wollastonite Group.
Pectolite-Serandite Series. The calcium analogue of Sérandite.
Constitutes serandite-schizolite-pectolite series.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Pectolite.
Pectolite-Serandite Series. The calcium analogue of Sérandite.
Constitutes serandite-schizolite-pectolite series.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Pectolite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3141
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3141:3
IMA Classification of Pectolite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Pectolite
9.DG.05
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
G : Inosilicates with 3-periodic single and multiple chains
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
G : Inosilicates with 3-periodic single and multiple chains
65.2.1.4a
65 : INOSILICATES Single-Width,Unbranched Chains,(W=1)
2 : Single-Width Unbranched Chains, W=1 with chains P=3
65 : INOSILICATES Single-Width,Unbranched Chains,(W=1)
2 : Single-Width Unbranched Chains, W=1 with chains P=3
14.6.2
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
6 : Silicates of Ca with alkali or Mg or both
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
6 : Silicates of Ca with alkali or Mg or both
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Pct | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Pct | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Pct | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Pct | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Pct | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Pectolite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Pectolite
Sub-Vitreous, Silky
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Colourless, white, pale pink, greenish, pale blue
Streak:
White
Hardness:
4½ - 5 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
on {100} and {001}
on {100} and {001}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Comment:
Tough when compact.
Density:
2.84 - 2.9 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.87 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Pectolite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.594 - 1.61 nβ = 1.603 - 1.614 nγ = 1.631 - 1.642
2V:
Measured: 50° to 63°, Calculated: 42° to 60°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.032 - 0.037
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r > v weak to very strong
Optical Extinction:
X ∧ c = 10°-19°; Y ∧ a = 10°-16°; Z ∧ b = 2°.
Chemistry of Pectolite
Mindat Formula:
NaCa2Si3O8(OH)
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
K,Fe,Mg,Al,H2O
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | 2 | 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SiO2 | 54.21 % | 53.87 % | 53.86 % |
| Mn2O3* | 0.06 % | ||
| MnO* | 1.04 % | 1.51 % | |
| CaO | 32.20 % | 31.93 % | 32.81 % |
| SrO | 0.22 % | 0.16 % | 0.01 % |
| Na2O | 9.03 % | 8.76 % | 8.64 % |
| Li2O (est. stoichiometry | 0.22 % | 0.28 % | |
| H2O (by stoichiometry) | 2.70 % | 2.69 % | 2.67 % |
| P2O5 | 0.02 % | 0.03 % | 0.03 % |
| ZrO2 | 0.04 % | 0.01 % | |
| Fe2O3* | 0.01 % | ||
| NiO | 0.01 % | ||
| MgO | 0.02 % | 0.03 % | 0.02 % |
| K2O | 0.01 % | 0.01 % | 0.08 % |
| Cr2O3 | 0.01 % | ||
| FeO* | 0.03 % | 0.31 % | |
| SO3 | 0.10 % | ||
| Al2O3 | 0.01 % | ||
| Ga2O3 | 0.01 % | ||
| V2O3 | 0.02 % | ||
| MnO | 0.80 % | ||
| PbO | 0.01 % | ||
| Total: | 99.79 % | 99.32 % | 99.38 % |
Empirical formulas:
| Sample ID | Empirical Formula |
|---|---|
| 1 | (Na0.94Li~0.05?Sr0.01)(Ca1.91Mn2+0.05Na0.03)[Si3.00O8(OH)] |
| 2 | (Na0.93Li~0.06?Sr0.01)(Ca1.91Mn2+0.07Na0.02)[Si3.00O8(OH)] |
| 4 | (Na0.94Ca0.03K0.01)(Ca1.94Mn2+0.04Fe2+0.01)[Si3.02O8(OH)] |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | N'Chwaning III Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Joe Morolong Local Municipality, John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality, Northern Cape, South Africa | weakly zoned pectolite, analysis of rim displaying bright yellow cathodoluminescence. H2O calculated from stoichiometry. Estimated minor Li2O added to improve stoichiometry, but should be verified by ICP-MS or SIMS. *Fe3+/∑Fe and Mn3+/∑Mn calculated by charge balance. | |
| 2 | " " | weakly zoned pectolite, analysis of core displaying pale yellow cathodoluminescence. H2O calculated from stoichiometry. Estimated minor Li2O added to improve stoichiometry, but should be verified by ICP-MS or SIMS. *Fe3+/∑Fe and Mn3+/∑Mn calculated by charge balance. | |
| 4 | North Wilson pit, Union Carbide Mine, Wilson Springs, Garland County, Arkansas, USA | observed as rims around some wollastonite grains; note that pectolite was not observed visually in the hand sample. Normalized to ∑(cations) = 6. *Fe3+/∑Fe calculated by charge balance; H2O calculated by stoichiometry. |
Crystallography of Pectolite
Polytype:
Formula:
Crystal System:
Class (H-M)
Space Group:
Space Group Setting:
Cell Parameters:
Ratio:
Unit Cell Volume (calc):
Z:
| Pectolite-1A | Pectolite-M2abc |
|---|---|
| NaCa2Si3O8(OH) | NaCa2[HSi3O9] |
| Triclinic | |
| 1 - Pinacoidal | |
| P1 | |
| a = 7.980(1) Å, b = 7.023(1) Å, c = 7.018(1) Å α = 90.54(1)°, β = 95.14(1)°, γ = 102.55(1)° | |
| a:b:c = 1.136 : 1 : 0.999 | |
| V 382.20 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell) | |
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0010648 | Pectolite | Prewitt C T (1967) Refinement of the structure of pectolite, Ca2NaHSi3O9 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 125 298-316 |  | 1967 | Erie railroad cut, Bergen Hill, New Jersey, USA | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.921 Å | (100) |
| 3.10 Å | (80) |
| 3.90 Å | (60) |
| 3.33 Å | (60b) |
| 3.28 Å | (60b) |
| 2.739 Å | (60) |
| 2.600 Å | (60) |
Comments:
Bergen Hill, New Jersey, USA. Data from Hildebrand (1953).
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
| 7 : Ultramafic igneous rocks | |
| 10 : Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals | |
| Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
| 13 : Hadean serpentinization | |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Geological Setting:
Primary mineral in nepheline syenites. Hydrothermal mineral in cavities in basalts and diabases. In serpentinites and peridotites.
Type Occurrence of Pectolite
Co-Type Localities:
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
No designated type material.
Synonyms of Pectolite
Other Language Names for Pectolite
Dutch:Pectoliet
Russian:Пектолит
Simplified Chinese:针钠钙石
Spanish:Gonsogolita
Pecktolita
Pectolita
Pecktolita
Pectolita
Traditional Chinese:針鈉鈣石
Varieties of Pectolite
| Larimar | A trade name for a bluish massive pectolite found in the Dominican Republic and exploited as a gem material. Originally described from Filipinas Larimar Mine, Los Checheses, Sierra de Baoruco, Barahona Province, Dominican Republic. |
| Manganese-bearing Pectolite | A manganese-bearing variety of pectolite. |
Relationship of Pectolite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Wollastonite Group:
| Barrydawsonite-(Y) | Na1.5Y0.5CaSi3O8(OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Bustamite | CaMn2+(Si2O6) | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Cascandite | CaScSi3O8(OH) | Tric. 1 |
| Dalnegorskite | Ca5Mn(Si3O9)2 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Ferrobustamite | CaFe2+(Si2O6) | Tric. 1 |
| Mendigite | Mn2Mn2MnCa(Si3O9)2 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Murakamiite | LiCa2Si3O8(OH) | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Schizolite | NaCaMnSi3O8(OH) | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Serandite | NaMn2+2Si3O8(OH) | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Tanohataite | LiMn2Si3O8(OH) | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Vistepite | SnMn4B2Si4O16(OH)2 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Wollastonite | Ca3(Si3O9) | Tric. 1 : P1 |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 143 photos of Pectolite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 141 photos of Pectolite associated with Prehnite | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
| 87 photos of Pectolite associated with Fluorapophyllite-(K) | KCa4(Si8O20)(F,OH) · 8H2O |
| 64 photos of Pectolite associated with Apophyllite Group | AB4[Si8O22]X · 8H2O |
| 63 photos of Pectolite associated with Natrolite | Na2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O |
| 62 photos of Pectolite associated with Grossular | Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| 54 photos of Pectolite associated with Datolite | CaB(SiO4)(OH) |
| 48 photos of Pectolite associated with Aegirine | NaFe3+Si2O6 |
| 44 photos of Pectolite associated with Villiaumite | NaF |
| 41 photos of Pectolite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.DG. | Barrydawsonite-(Y) | Na1.5Y0.5CaSi3O8(OH) |
| 9.DG. | Paratobermorite | Ca5AlSi5O16(OH) · 5H2O |
| 9.DG. | Calcinaksite | KNaCa(Si4O10) · H2O |
| 9.DG. | Alvesite | NaKZrSi6O15 · 2H2O |
| 9.DG.02 | Steedeite | NaMn2[Si3BO9](OH)2 |
| 9.DG.02 | Nolzeite | NaMn2[Si3BO9](OH)2 · 2H2O |
| 9.DG.05 | Murakamiite | LiCa2Si3O8(OH) |
| 9.DG.05 | Serandite | NaMn2+2Si3O8(OH) |
| 9.DG.05 | Bustamite | CaMn2+(Si2O6) |
| 9.DG.05 | Tanohataite | LiMn2Si3O8(OH) |
| 9.DG.05 | Dalnegorskite | Ca5Mn(Si3O9)2 |
| 9.DG.05 | Wollastonite-1A | CaSiO3 |
| 9.DG.05 | Wollastonite | Ca3(Si3O9) |
| 9.DG.05 | Ferrobustamite | CaFe2+(Si2O6) |
| 9.DG.05 | Schizolite | NaCaMnSi3O8(OH) |
| 9.DG.07 | Cascandite | CaScSi3O8(OH) |
| 9.DG.08 | Plombièrite | Ca5Si6O16(OH)2 · 7H2O |
| 9.DG.10 | Clinotobermorite | Ca5Si6O17 · 5H2O |
| 9.DG.10 | Riversideite | Ca5Si6O16(OH)2 · 2H2O |
| 9.DG.10 | Tobermorite | Ca5Si6O17 · 5H2O |
| 9.DG.12 | Jusite | Na2Ca15Al4Si16O54 · 17H2O |
| 9.DG.12 | Kenotobermorite | Ca4Si6O15(OH)2 · 5H2O |
| 9.DG.15 | Foshagite | Ca4(Si3O9)(OH)2 |
| 9.DG.20 | Jennite | Ca9(Si3O9)2(OH)8 · 8H2O |
| 9.DG.20 | Kamenevite | K2TiSi3O9 · H2O |
| 9.DG.25 | Paraumbite | K3Zr2H(Si3O9)2 · nH2O |
| 9.DG.25 | Umbite | K2(Zr,Ti)Si3O9 · H2O |
| 9.DG.30 | Sørensenite | Na4SnBe2Si6O16(OH)4 |
| 9.DG.32 | Escheite | Ca2NaMnTi5[Si12O34]O2(OH)3 · 12H2O |
| 9.DG.35 | Xonotlite | Ca6(Si6O17)(OH)2 |
| 9.DG.40 | Hillebrandite | Ca2(SiO3)(OH)2 |
| 9.DG.45 | Zorite | Na8(Ti,Nb)5(Si6O17)2(OH,O)5 · 14H2O |
| 9.DG.45 | Chivruaiite | Ca4(Ti,Nb)5(Si6O17)2(OH,O)5 · 13-14H2O |
| 9.DG.50 | Haineaultite | (Na,Ca)5Ca(Ti,Nb)5(Si6O17)2(OH,F)8 · 5H2O |
| 9.DG.55 | Epididymite | Na2Be2Si6O15 · H2O |
| 9.DG.60 | Eudidymite | Na2Be2Si6O15 · H2O |
| 9.DG.65 | Elpidite | Na2ZrSi6O15 · 3H2O |
| 9.DG.65 | Patynite | NaKCa4[Si9O23] |
| 9.DG.67 | Whelanite | Cu2+2Ca6[Si6O17(OH)](CO3)(OH)3 · 2H2O |
| 9.DG.70 | Enricofrancoite | KNaCaSi4O10 |
| 9.DG.70 | Yusupovite | Na2Zr(Si6O15) · 2.5H2O |
| 9.DG.70 | Litidionite | KNaCuSi4O10 |
| 9.DG.70 | Fenaksite | (K,Na)4(Fe,Mn)2(Si4O10)2(OH,F) |
| 9.DG.70 | Manaksite | KNaMnSi4O10 |
| 9.DG.75 | Senkevichite | CsKNaCa2TiO[Si7O18](OH) |
| 9.DG.75 | Tinaksite | K2Na(Ca,Mn2+)2TiO[Si7O18(OH)] |
| 9.DG.75 | Tokkoite | K2Ca4[Si7O18(OH)](OH,F) |
| 9.DG.80 | Fluorcanasite | K3Na3Ca5Si12O30F4 · H2O |
| 9.DG.80 | Canasite | K3Na3Ca5Si12O30(OH)4 |
| 9.DG.85 | Miserite | K1.5-x(Ca,Y,REE)5(Si6O15)(Si2O7)(OH,F)2 · yH2O |
| 9.DG.90 | Frankamenite | K3Na3Ca5(Si12O30)(F,OH)4 · H2O |
| 9.DG.92 | Charoite | (K,Sr)15-16(Ca,Na)32[Si6O11(O,OH)6]2[Si12O18(O,OH)12]2[Si17O25(O,OH)18]2(OH,F)4 · ~3H2O |
| 9.DG.95 | Yuksporite | K4(Ca,Na)14(Sr,Ba)2(◻,Mn,Fe)(Ti,Nb)4(O,OH)4(Si6O17)2(Si2O7)3(H2O,OH)3 |
| 9.DG.97 | Eveslogite | (Na,K,Ca,Sr,Ba)48 [(Ti,Nb,Mn,Fe2+)12Si48O144(OH)12](F,OH,Cl)14 |
Other Information
Notes:
May be triboluminescent.
Health Risks:
The white needles of pectolite are sharp and stiff and easily penetrate the skin. Once embedded they are invisible and brittle and difficult to remove, often very painful. Handle with caution at all times. Do not rub your hands after handling. Rinse hands in a strong stream of water before handling anything else, especially food.
Pectolite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Pectolite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3141.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
References for Pectolite
Reference List:
Peacock, M. A. (1935) On Pectolite. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie , 90 (1-6). 97-111 doi:10.1524/zkri.1935.90.1.97
Hildebrand, Fred A. (1953) Minimizing the effects of preferred orientation in x-ray powder diffraction patterns. American Mineralogist, 38 (11-12) 1051-1056
Schaller, Waldemar T. (1955) The pectolite-schizolite-serandite series. American Mineralogist, 40 (11-12) 1022-1031
Buerger, M. J. (1956) The Determination of the Crystal Structure of Pectolite,Ca2NaHSi3O9. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 108 (3-4). 248-262 doi:10.1524/zkri.1956.108.3-4.248
Prewitt, C. T. (1967) Refinement of the structure of pectolite, Ca2NaHSi3O9. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 125 (125). 298-316 doi:10.1524/zkri.1967.125.125.298
Müller, Wolfgang Friedrich (1976) On stacking disorder and polytypism in pectolite and serandite. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 144 (1). 401-408 doi:10.1524/zkri.1976.144.1-6.401
Takéuchi, Yoshio, Kudoh, Yasuhiro (1977) Hydrogen bonding and cation ordering in Magnet Cove pectolite. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 146 (4-6). 281-292 doi:10.1524/zkri.1977.146.4-6.281
Fleischer, Michael, Cabri, Louis J., Chao, George Y., Pabst, Adolf (1978) New Mineral Names. American Mineralogist, 63 (3-4) 424-427
Ohashi, Yoshikazu, Finger, Larry W. (1978) The role of octahedral cations in pyroxenoid crystal chemistry. I. Bustamite, wollastonite, and the pectolite-schizolite-serandite series. American Mineralogist, 63 (3-4) 274-288
Liebau, Friedrich (1980) The role of cationic hydrogen in pyroxenoid crystal chemistry. American Mineralogist, 65 (9-10) 981-985
Scott Smith, Barbara H., Michael Skinner, E., Roger Clement, C. (1983) Further data on the occurrence of pectolite in kimberlite. Mineralogical Magazine, 47 (342) 75-78 doi:10.1180/minmag.1983.047.342.13
Woodruff, Robert E., Fritsch, Emmanuel (1989) Blue Pectolite from the Dominican Republic. Gems & Gemology, 25 (4). 216-225 doi:10.5741/gems.25.4.216
Hammer, Vera M. F., Libowitzky, Eugen, Rossman, George R. (1998) Single-crystal IR spectroscopy of very strong hydrogen bonds in pectolite, NaCa2[Si3O8(OH)], and serandite, NaMn2[Si3O8(OH)]. American Mineralogist, 83 (5) 569-576 doi:10.2138/am-1998-5-617
Frost, Ray L., López, Andrés, Theiss, Frederick L., Romano, Antônio Wilson, Scholz, Ricardo (2015) A vibrational spectroscopic study of the silicate mineral pectolite – NaCa2Si3O8(OH) Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 134. 58-62 doi:10.1016/j.saa.2014.06.097
Kowalczyk, Joanna, Natkaniec-Nowak, Lucyna, Wachowiak, Jacek (2015) Larimar – a unique pectolite rock from the Dominican Republic. Geology, Geophysics & Environment, 41 (1). 101-102 doi:10.7494/geol.2015.41.1.101
Nagashima, Mariko, Imaoka, Teruyoshi, Fukuda, Chihiro, Pettke, Thomas (2018) Relationship between cation substitution and hydrogen-bond system in hydrous pyroxenoids with three-periodic single-chain of SiO4 tetrahedra: pectolite, murakamiite, marshallsussmanite, serandite and tanohataite. European Journal of Mineralogy, 30 (3) 451-463 doi:10.1127/ejm/2018/0030-2744
Localities for Pectolite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Vattuone et al. (2001) |
Australia | |
| Tschernich (1992) +1 other reference |
| Huebner +6 other references |
| Experienced collector selling his own ... |
| R Bottrill +1 other reference |
| Carr |
| Everard et al. (2004) |
| Taheri +1 other reference |
| Bottrill (2021) | |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
Brazil | |
| Azzi (2019) |
| Horváth | |
| Andrezza Azzi et al. (2018) +3 other references | |
| Gervasoni et al. (2022) |
| G Traversa et al (1994) +1 other reference |
| www.igc.usp.br (2003) |
Canada | |
| Locock (1994) |
| Donald Doell |
| Tappe et al. (2005) |
| Mitchell et al. (2015) |
| Curtis et al. (1977) +1 other reference | |
| GSC database locality No. 4100 +1 other reference | |
| Cámara et al. (2013) | |
| Sheard et al. (2012) |
| Anton R. Chakhmouradian and Roger H. Mitchell (2001) | |
| Sheard (2010) +1 other reference |
| Collected by Don Doell |
| Roach et al. (1998) |
| Eur. Jour. Min. 13 (2001) |
| 162-165. +1 other reference |
| Berger et al. (2009) |
| Sabina (1991) |
| Ansell et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
| Canadian Museum of Nature & Horvath ... |
| Museum Thetford Mines collection | |
| GSC collection specimen |
| Canadian Museum of Nature collection |
| GAUDARD (1993) | |
| GAUDARD (1993) | |
| Thetford Mines Museum specimen |
| 179-181. +2 other references |
| Wallace et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Bourdeau (2008) |
| GOLD et al. (1986) |
| Grice (1989) +2 other references |
| Horváth et al. (1998) |
| Miller (2021) | |
China | |
| - (1978) |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
| Letian Du and Wenguang Wang (2012) +1 other reference |
Czech Republic | |
| Tasáryová et al. (2014) |
| Duda |
| Rusek P. (květen-srpen 1960) +1 other reference |
| Houzar +1 other reference |
| Pelikan (1902) |
| www.geocities.com/Smula.geo | |
| Anthony et al. (2016) |
| Černý P. |
| Dosbaba et al. (2012) | |
Dominican Republic | |
| Alfredo Petrov field observations |
| Woodruff et al. (1989) +2 other references |
DR Congo | |
| USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A +4 other references |
Faroe Islands | |
| Färber (n.d.) |
Finland | |
| Mutanen |
| Lehijärvi +2 other references |
| Hytönen (1999) |
France | |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Azambre et al. (1992) |
| A. Melle collection |
| André MELLE collection - Nicolas ... |
Germany | |
| Fricke (1988) +3 other references |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| Weisenberger et al. (2014) | |
| Schröder (2006) |
| Mineralienwelt.de +2 other references |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| Poser et al. (2004) |
| Juroszek et al. (Ti 5 Fe) |
| [Pectolite-M2abc] Müller (1976) | |
| Lehmann (1881) |
| www.mgas.de (2003) |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| Pfeiffer (1994) +2 other references |
Greece | |
| Mineral. Petrol. 95 (2009) |
| Pelletier et al. (2008) | |
Greenland | |
| Benson (1940) |
| Jones (1980) +1 other reference |
| Petersen (2001) | |
| Bøggild (1953) | |
| Sørensen (1962) |
| Borst (2014) | |
| Danoe et al. (1959) | |
| Friis et al. (2004) | |
| O.T.Ljøstad specimen & photo (photo-259573) |
| Petersen et al. (2005) | |
| Petersen et al. (2002) | |
| Lapis 29 (5) | |
| Petersen et al. (2004) | |
| Sørensen (1962) |
| Boeggild (1953) | |
| Sørensen (1962) +1 other reference | |
| Boeggild (1953) | |
| Upton et al. (1978) |
| Brooks et al. (1982) +1 other reference |
| Petersen et al. (1985) |
| www.koeln.netsurf.de (1999) |
Hungary | |
| www.geomania.hu |
| www.geomania.hu | |
India | |
| Gupta et al. (1986, September) +2 other references |
| Kaur et al. (2013) |
| Scott Smith +2 other references |
| Vladykin et al. (2008) |
| Chakrabarty et al. (2011) +3 other references |
Ireland | |
| Nockolds et al. (1947) +1 other reference |
Italy | |
| Vineis (1973) |
| Cotta Ramusino et al. (1973) +2 other references |
| C.M. Gramaccioli (1975) | |
| Sabatini (1903) +5 other references |
| Antofilli et al. (1983) +1 other reference |
| Mineralogical Magazine: 60: 369-374. +1 other reference |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) |
| Bedogné et al. (1994) | |
| Antofilli et al. (1983) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Andrea Opicelli Collection |
| Exel (1987) |
| Simone Conti Collection | |
| Raman Spectroscopy |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
| Gasser (1913) +1 other reference |
| Ferretti et al. (2013) |
| Kobell Kastner's Arch. xiii | |
| Boscardin M. (1993) |
| Exel (1987) | |
| Giulia Zanoni (1980) |
| - (n.d.) +3 other references |
| Ferretti et al. (2013) | |
| Ferretti et al. (2013) | |
| Brizzi et al. (3) |
| Giordano (2008) +2 other references |
| Fabio Tosato et al. (2024) +2 other references |
| Boscardin (2014) |
| Mattioli et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Mattioli et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Boscardin (2014) | |
| "Minerali del Vicentino - La natrolite" ... |
| "Minerali del Vicentino - La natrolite" ... |
| Boscardin et al. (2000) |
| Boscardin et al. (2000) +2 other references | |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) | |
Japan | |
| Matsubara et al. (1979) |
| |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Mineralogical Journal Vol. 8 (1975) +1 other reference |
| Imaoka et al. (2024) | |
| Hiromi Yano et al. (2011) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| Mineralogical Journal Vol. 13 (1986) |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Go Ito | |
| pers. comm. Kotaro Watanabe |
| Shi et al. (2012) |
| Hiroaki Tano specimen |
| Alluvial cobbles in innumerable ... +1 other reference | |
| Shi et al. (2012) |
Kenya | |
| Bowell et al. (1996) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Pautov et al. (2013) |
Lesotho | |
| F. J. Kruger (1982) |
Madagascar | |
| Lacroix (1922) +1 other reference |
Mexico | |
| Mitchell et al. (2025) |
| |
Morocco | |
| Bea et al. (2013) |
| |
| El Khalile et al. (2023) |
| Econ Geol (1989) |
| Sonnet (1981) |
Myanmar | |
| Shi et al. (2012) |
| Shi et al. (2012) | |
Namibia | |
| L. Horváth collection (XRD-analysed) +3 other references |
| Koller F et al. (2014) | |
New Zealand | |
| Baker et al. (1980) |
| Baker et al. (1980) | |
| Craw et al. (1979) |
| Leach et al. (1977) |
Norway | |
| Breivik (2001) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Bryhni (1993) |
| Berg-Hans-Jørgen (1990) |
| Andersen (1981) | |
| Larsen et al. (2005) |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) | |
| Burvald (1993) |
| Lars O. Kvamsdal +1 other reference |
| Nordrum (2005) | |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Andersen (1993) |
| Nordrum (2003) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Berge et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
Pakistan | |
| Kakar et al. (2013) |
| Ahmed et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Karwowski et al. (1994) +3 other references |
| Koszowska E. 2002: ... |
Romania | |
| www.researchgate.net (n.d.) |
| Marincea et al. (2023) +2 other references |
| Hirtopanu (2006) +1 other reference |
| Hirtopanu et al. (2013) |
Russia | |
| Konev et al. (1993) |
| Pekov (1998) | |
| Vladykin et al. (2018) +1 other reference | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Vorob'yov E.I. (2008) | |
| Konev et al. (1996) | |
| Sazonova et al. (2015) |
| Spiridonov (2020, September) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Vladykin et al. (2008) |
| Kaneva et al. (2020) | |
| doi.org (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Lennikov et al. (2004) |
| Mandarino (1996) |
| Pekov (1998) | |
| Pekov (1998) | |
| Zaitsev et al. (2022) |
| Spiridonov et al. (2008) |
| Cooper (1997) | |
| Potter et al. (2017) |
| Mandarino (1997) +1 other reference |
| Pekov (1998) +2 other references | |
| A.N. Labuntsov Mineralogical survey of central parts of Khibina massif (zircon, catapleiite and fersmanite localities) +1 other reference |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Arzamastsev et al. (2008) | |
| Men'shikov (2006) | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Konopleva et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Arzamastsev et al. (2008) |
| Arzamastsev et al. (2008) | |
| Arzamastsev et al. (2008) | |
| [World of Stones 95:5-6 +6 other references | |
| Mikhailova et al. (2015) |
| N.V. Chukanov et al.: Zap. Vses. Mineral. Obshch. 133 (1) | |
| ZRMO 138 (2) | |
| [World of Stones 95:5-6 +2 other references | |
| Pekov (2003) |
| American Mineralogist | |
| ... | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2013) |
| Pakhomovsky et al. (2014) | |
| Pekov (2000) | |
| Pekov (2000) |
| Yakovenchuk et al. (2011) | |
| Pekov et al. (2013) | |
| Semenov E.I. (1972) |
| maurice.strahlen.org (2003) +1 other reference | |
| Arzamastseva et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Am Min 79:1011 +2 other references | |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Pekov I.V. et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| ... +3 other references |
| Pekov (1998) | |
| Am Min 90:271 +1 other reference | |
| Pekov (1998) | |
| Pekov et al. (2003) | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Pekov (1998) | |
| Grokhovskaya et al. (2005) |
| Антонов (2003) |
| Chukanov et al. (2016) |
South Africa | |
| Bruce Cairncross photo ID 697444 |
| Braithwaite et al. (1991) +2 other references |
| USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A +1 other reference |
| Wooley (2001) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| F. J. Kruger (1982) |
| Cairncross photo ID 738550 |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Frank K. Mazdab collection (thin section FKM-173) +1 other reference | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) +3 other references | |
| Costin et al. (2015) |
| Costin et al. (2014) +1 other reference | |
Sweden | |
| Magnusson (1923) +2 other references |
| Magnusson ( 1923) | |
| Magnusson ( 1923) | |
| Adamson (1942) +9 other references |
| Tranefors et al. (2017) | |
| Adamson (1942) | |
| |
| Robbins et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
| Blatter (2004) |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
| Sandström (1999) |
| Sandström et al. (2010) |
Tajikistan | |
| Agakhanov et al. (2005) +5 other references |
Tanzania | |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Day (1999) |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum |
| |
| |
| Melmore (1920) +2 other references | |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) |
| Randall B A O. Dolerite-pegmatites from ... +2 other references |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum |
| Tilley et al. (1934) |
| BMS Collection |
| Rutley (1902) |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum +1 other reference | |
| Dana 6: 374 +2 other references | |
| BMS collection |
| James Phemister and A. G. MacGregor (1942) |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum |
| Wolfgang Hampel |
| Webb (1971) |
| Rutley (1902) |
| Bloxam (1964) |
| Rutley (1902) | |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum | |
| Day (1999) |
| Sargent et al. (Part II) |
| National Museum of Wales collection |
| |
USA | |
| Laughlin et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| Frank K. Mazdab collection +2 other references |
| Erickson +1 other reference |
| Smith (1994) | |
| Smith (1989) | |
| Erickson +1 other reference | |
| Karl Estes (1998) +1 other reference | |
| Shockley (1976) | |
| Howard (1987) | |
| Smith (1988) +1 other reference |
| Horvath collection visual id. | |
| Murdoch (1966) +1 other reference |
| Mr. Gail E. Dunning. |
| Murdoch (1966) +2 other references |
| ... +1 other reference |
| Gray et al. (1968) +2 other references |
| Murdoch (1966) +2 other references |
| DeVito +2 other references |
| Pabst et al. (1967) +2 other references |
| Gail E. Dunning (gedunning@juno.com) |
| Chesterman (1950a) +2 other references |
| Shi et al. (2012) | |
| Collected by Charles "Chuck" Trantham. ... +1 other reference |
| Murdoch (1966) +2 other references | |
| Alfors et al. (1984) +2 other references | |
| with chemical analyses by W.T. ... +5 other references |
| Dana (1903 & 1914) +1 other reference |
| Specimen #5900 in the Charles D. ... | |
| Vonsen (1941) +2 other references |
| Kunz (1888) +2 other references |
| Ronald Januzzi collection |
| Schooner (1961) |
| Januzzi | |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| David Busha collection |
| Mike Polletta observations |
| Former Bob Albanese collection |
| Moritz (n.d.) | |
| Former Alfred E. Hammer collection |
| AmMin 44:1082 |
| Am Min 44:1082-1086 | |
| Jeffrey J. Agee et al. (1982) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Harvard Mineralogical Museum. Ex. Wayne ... |
| Paul Gilmore collection |
| Stewart (1959) |
| Bart Cannon specimens and microprobe ... | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Mins. of NYC & Environs (1931) |
| Focus on Fort Lee - A Key and Guide to ... +1 other reference |
| Manchester (1919) |
| The Minerals of NYC & Its Environs et al. (1931) |
| Rothstein (1978) |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Rocks & Min.: 18:332-333 (1943) +1 other reference |
| Rock Currier collection |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Betts (n.d.) | |
| Darton (1882) +1 other reference | |
| American Museum of Natural History |
| Manchester (1919) +1 other reference | |
| Amer. Museum of Nat. Hist. +1 other reference | |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Bradley D. Plotkin collection |
| Minerals of Laurel Hill et al. (published privately) |
| Ransom (1974) |
| |
| - (1960) |
| G. Levinson +5 other references | |
| A Quest for New Jersey Minerals (1978) | |
| Specimens collected by and in the ... |
| Alan "Bundy" Beres | |
| Dana 6:1066. | |
| Peters et al. (1978) +1 other reference | |
| Mineral Collector: 2:138-139 et al. (1895) +2 other references | |
| Rocks & Minerals 80:4 pp234-241 +2 other references |
| Betts (n.d.) | |
| Kent et al. (2000) |
| Rocks & Minerals (1955) |
| A Quest for New Jersey Minerals (1978) |
| Cummings (1987) |
| Specimen attributed to A.C. Hawkins | |
| Palache (1935) +1 other reference |
| Cummings (1987) |
| Manchester (1931) | |
| Rocks & Min.:60:229. |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Chamberlain et al. (1999) |
| Valley et al. (1983) | |
| John H. Betts (2009) | |
| Januzzi +2 other references |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Manchester (1931) | |
| Robinson et al. (2007) |
| Manchester (1931) | |
| Gary Moldovany collection |
| Hershel Friedman collection (2008) | |
| New York State Museum mineral collection +1 other reference |
| Whitlock (1903) +1 other reference | |
| Manchester (1931) | |
| |
| MRH collection |
| Samuel S. Gordon +1 other reference |
| Samuel S. Gordon +1 other reference | |
| Samuel S. Gordon +1 other reference | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Penick (1985) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) | |
| Cannon (1975) | |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cordua (1998) |
| Bargar +1 other reference |
| Bargar et al. (1973) | |
| Bargar +1 other reference |
Millington Quarry, Bernards Township, Somerset County, New Jersey, USA