Beraunite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Beraunite
Beroun (Beraun), Czech Republic
Formula:
Fe3+6(PO4)4O(OH)4 · 6H2O
Colour:
Dark red, reddish, brown-red
Lustre:
Resinous, Pearly
Hardness:
3 - 4
Specific Gravity:
2.8 - 3.08
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named by August Breithaupt in 1840 for the town of Beroun (Beraun) near the type locality at the Hrbek Mine, Svatá Dobrotivá (St Benigna), Beroun (Beraun), Bohemia, Czech Republic. Beraunite was redefined by Fanfani and Zanazzi (1967), on the basis of a crystal structural analysis, as a mixed-valence iron phosphate and they left the original fully oxidized end-member unnamed. In essence, they had discovered a new mineral species (ferroberaunite; later defined by Tvrdý et al., 2021) but they re-used an existing name for a different composition (beraunite). Eleonorite was later defined by Chukanov et al. (2017) as the oxidized end-member of the beraunite-ferrobraunite series (previously also called "oxyberaunite") but is now discredited. Both beraunite and eleonorite had previously been applied to the fully oxidized mineral. Subsequently, Vrtiška et al. (2022), based on a restudy of the type material, redefined beraunite as the oxidised phase and discredited eleonorite.
A secondary mineral found in bog iron ores and phosphate deposits, plus as a cement in clays, sands, and bone material; also as an alteration product of triphylite in granitic pegmatites.
The name beraunite is now applied only to the fully oxidised species (see redefinition by Vrtiška et al., 2022) and the name ferroberaunite should be applied to the mixed-valence (both Fe2+ and Fe3+) species.
Note: beraunite is always more or less reddish, while ferrobraunite is greenish.
May be confused with acicular oxidised dufrénite and natrodufrénite.
The name beraunite is now applied only to the fully oxidised species (see redefinition by Vrtiška et al., 2022) and the name ferroberaunite should be applied to the mixed-valence (both Fe2+ and Fe3+) species.
Note: beraunite is always more or less reddish, while ferrobraunite is greenish.
May be confused with acicular oxidised dufrénite and natrodufrénite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
628
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:628:6
Similar Names
| Barronite | A valid IMA mineral species | (◻0.5Ba0.5)(UO2)2Si5O12(OH) · 2H2O |
| Birunite | A valid IMA mineral species | Ca18(SiO3)8.5(CO3)8.5SO4 · 15H2O(?) |
| Bornite | A valid IMA mineral species | Cu5FeS4 |
| Bornite (of Pinkerton) | A rock subtype | |
| Braunite | A valid IMA mineral species | Mn2+Mn63+(SiO4)O8 |
| Braunite-II | Ca(Mn3+,Fe)14(SiO4)O20 | |
| Brianite | A valid IMA mineral species | Na2CaMg(PO4)2 |
IMA Classification of Beraunite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA status notes:
Redefined by the IMA
Approval history:
Redefined formula IMA 21-D: Miyawaki et al. (2021), Vrtiška et al. (2022).
Classification of Beraunite
8.DC.27
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
D : Phosphates, etc. with additional anions, with H2O
C : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 1:1 and < 2:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
D : Phosphates, etc. with additional anions, with H2O
C : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 1:1 and < 2:1
42.11.16.1
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
11 : (AB)3(XO4)2Zq·xH2O
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
11 : (AB)3(XO4)2Zq·xH2O
19.13.10
19 : Phosphates
13 : Phosphates of Fe alone
19 : Phosphates
13 : Phosphates of Fe alone
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Bru | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Beraunite
Resinous, Pearly
Transparency:
Translucent
Comment:
Lustre pearly on cleavages, resinous on fractures.
Colour:
Dark red, reddish, brown-red
Streak:
Olive drab (unoxidized)
Hardness:
3 - 4 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Good on {100}
Good on {100}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Splintery
Density:
2.8 - 3.08 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.894 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Calculated density value of 2.894 = greenish black material
Optical Data of Beraunite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.707 - 1.775 nβ = 1.735 - 1.786 nγ = 1.738 - 1.820
2V:
Measured: 30° to 60°, Calculated: 66°
Birefringence:
0.031
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.031 - 0.045
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
relatively weak
Optical Extinction:
Y^c = 1.5-5°, Z = b (unoxidized)
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
Colors depend on state of oxidation; The low RI represents beraunite (redefined as mixed valence iron phosphate). Oxidation results in higher refractive indices and approach the original eleonorite.
Chemistry of Beraunite
Mindat Formula:
Fe3+6(PO4)4O(OH)4 · 6H2O
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Beraunite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
m - Domatic
Space Group:
Bb
Setting:
Cc
Cell Parameters:
a = 20.653(2) Å, b = 5.1433(6) Å, c = 19.241(2) Å
β = 93.56(9)°
β = 93.56(9)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 4.016 : 1 : 3.741
Unit Cell V:
2,039.92 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:
Crystals rare and small, tabular {100}, elongated [010], striated on {100} parallel to [010]. Coarse radial-fibrous aggregates; globular; discoidal with a coarse-fibrous structure; as crusts.
Twinning:
On {100}, may be interpenetrant.
Comment:
Space group Cc determined by Vrtiška et al. (2022); previously assumed to be C2/c. Cell-parameter values for restudied type material (Vrtiška et al., 2022). Data for orange material: a = 20.646, b = 5.129, c = 19.212 Å, β = 93.67°. Greenish black material (probably ferroberaunite) has: a = 20.953(8), b = 5.171(1), c = 19.266(4) Å, β = 93.34°.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0005231 | Beraunite | Marzoni Fecia di Cossato Y, Orlandi P, Pasero M (1989) Manganese-bearing beraunite from Mangualde, Portugal: mineral data and structure refinement The Canadian Mineralogist 27 441-446 |  | 1989 | Mangualde, Portugal | 0 | 293 |
| 0019158 | Beraunite | Moore P B, Kampf A R (1992) Beraunite: Refinement, comparative crystal chemistry, and selected bond valences Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 201 263-281 | | 1992 | Campanian age marls of Mullica Hill, New Jersey, USA | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 10.37 Å | (100) |
| 9.58 Å | (50) |
| 7.229 Å | (50) |
| 5.18 Å | (10) |
| 4.825 Å | (60) |
| 4.418 Å | (50) |
| 4.09 Å | (20) |
| 3.747 Å | (30) |
| 3.47 Å | (30) |
| 3.33 Å | (10) |
| 3.187 Å | (40) |
| 3.082 Å | (60) |
| 2.838 Å | (20) |
| 2.732 Å | (30) |
| 2.705 Å | (30) |
| 2.582 Å | (30) |
| 2.488 Å | (20) |
| 2.422 Å | (20) |
| 2.312 Å | (25) |
| 2.227 Å | (20) |
| 2.154 Å | (10) |
| 2.109 Å | (30) |
| 2.082 Å | (10) |
| 2.058 Å | (10) |
| 2.009 Å | (30) |
| 1.972 Å | (10) |
| 1.923 Å | (30) |
| 1.870 Å | (10) |
| 1.830 Å | (10) |
| 1.813 Å | (10) |
| 1.764 Å | (10) |
| 1.767 Å | (10) |
| 1.742 Å | (10) |
| 1.718 Å | (20) |
| 1.691 Å | (15) |
| 1.662 Å | (10) |
| 1.641 Å | (10) |
| 1.621 Å | (30) |
| 1.599 Å | (10) |
| 1.570 Å | (10) |
| 1.541 Å | (20) |
| 1.459 Å | (20) |
| 1.436 Å | (20) |
| 1.372 Å | (10) |
| 1.328 Å | (10) |
| 1.315 Å | (10) |
| 1.290 Å | (20) |
| 1.279 Å | (20) |
| 1.240 Å | (10) |
Comments:
ICDD 22-631 See also ferroberaunite, the unoxidized end-member from Palermo #1 Quarry, Groton, NH, USA
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] |
Geological Setting:
Bog iron ores, alteration of triphyllite in granitic pegmatites.
Type Occurrence of Beraunite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Dark red to orange crystals
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Freiberg Mining Academy, Freiberg, Saxony, Germany: #21359.
Synonyms of Beraunite
Other Language Names for Beraunite
Relationship of Beraunite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Beraunite Group:
| Ferroberaunite | Fe2+Fe3+5(PO4)4(OH)5 · 6H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Tvrdýite | Fe2+Fe3+2Al3(PO4)4(OH)5(H2O)4 · 2H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Zincoberaunite | ZnFe3+5(PO4)4(OH)5 · 6H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 262 photos of Beraunite associated with Strengite | FePO4 · 2H2O |
| 241 photos of Beraunite associated with Cacoxenite | Fe3+24AlO6(PO4)17(OH)12 · 75H2O |
| 119 photos of Beraunite associated with Kidwellite | NaFe3+9+x(PO4)6(OH)11 · 3H2O, x = 0.33 |
| 77 photos of Beraunite associated with Rockbridgeite | (Fe2+0.5Fe3+0.5)2Fe3+3(PO4)3(OH)5 |
| 55 photos of Beraunite associated with Strunzite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 42 photos of Beraunite associated with Dufrénite | Ca0.5Fe2+Fe3+5(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| 41 photos of Beraunite associated with Ferristrunzite | Fe3+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2O |
| 24 photos of Beraunite associated with Laueite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 24 photos of Beraunite associated with Phosphosiderite | FePO4 · 2H2O |
| 19 photos of Beraunite associated with Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.DC. | Césarferreiraite | Fe2+ Fe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC. | Ferrivauxite | Fe3+Al2(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2O |
| 8.DC. | Ianbruceite | Zn2(AsO4)(OH) · 3H2O |
| 8.DC.05 | Nissonite | Cu2Mg2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 5H2O |
| 8.DC.07 | Euchroite | Cu2(AsO4)(OH) · 3H2O |
| 8.DC.10 | Legrandite | Zn2(AsO4)(OH) · H2O |
| 8.DC.12 | Strashimirite | Cu8(AsO4)4(OH)4 · 5H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Earlshannonite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Kunatite | CuFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | UM2006-27-PO:FeHZn | ZnFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | UKI-2006-(PO:AlCuFeH) | Fe2+Al3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Cobaltarthurite | CoFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Arthurite | CuFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Ojuelaite | ZnFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Whitmoreite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Bendadaite | Fe2+Fe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.17 | Kleemanite | ZnAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 3H2O |
| 8.DC.20 | Magnesiobermanite | MgMn3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.20 | Bermanite | Mn2+Mn3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.20 | Coralloite | Mn2+Mn3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.22 | Kovdorskite | Mg2(PO4)(OH) · 3H2O |
| 8.DC.25 | Zincostrunzite | ZnFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6.5H2O |
| 8.DC.25 | Metavauxite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.25 | Metavivianite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 8.DC.25 | Ferristrunzite | Fe3+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2O |
| 8.DC.25 | Strunzite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 8.DC.25 | Ferrostrunzite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 8.DC.27 | Tvrdýite | Fe2+Fe3+2Al3(PO4)4(OH)5(H2O)4 · 2H2O |
| 8.DC.27 | Zincoberaunite | ZnFe3+5(PO4)4(OH)5 · 6H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Maghrebite | MgAl2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Ferrolaueite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Ushkovite | MgFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Laueite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Paravauxite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Sigloite | Fe3+Al2(PO4)2(OH)3 · 7H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Nordgauite | MnAl2(PO4)2(F,OH)2 · 5H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Kayrobertsonite | [MnAl2(PO4)2(OH)2(H2O)4] · 2H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Kummerite | Mn2+Fe3+Al(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Mangangordonite | Mn2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Stewartite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Gordonite | MgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Kastningite | (Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Pseudolaueite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.32 | Kamarizaite | Fe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)3 · 3H2O |
| 8.DC.32 | Tinticite | Fe3+3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 3H2O |
| 8.DC.35 | Vauxite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 8.DC.37 | Vantasselite | Al4(PO4)3(OH)3 · 9H2O |
| 8.DC.40 | Cacoxenite | Fe3+24AlO6(PO4)17(OH)12 · 75H2O |
| 8.DC.45 | Souzalite | (Mg,Fe2+)3(Al,Fe3+)4(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| 8.DC.45 | Gormanite | (Fe2+,Mg)3(Al,Fe3+)4(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| 8.DC.47 | Kingite | Al3(PO4)2F2(OH) · 7H2O |
| 8.DC.50 | Allanpringite | Fe3+3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2O |
| 8.DC.50 | Fluorwavellite | Al3(PO4)2(OH)2F · 5H2O |
| 8.DC.50 | Wavellite | Al3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2O |
| 8.DC.52 | Kribergite | Al5(PO4)3(SO4)(OH)4 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.55 | Mapimite | Zn2Fe3+3(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 10H2O |
| 8.DC.57 | Ogdensburgite | Ca2Fe3+4(Zn,Mn2+)(AsO4)4(OH)6 · 6H2O |
| 8.DC.60 | Cloncurryite | Cu0.5(VO)0.5Al2(PO4)2F2 · 5H2O |
| 8.DC.60 | Nevadaite | (Cu2+,Al,V3+)6Al8(PO4)8F8(OH)2 · 22H2O |
| 8.DC.62 | Kenngottite | Mn2+3Fe3+4(PO4)4(OH)6(H2O)2 |
| 8.DC.67 | Molinelloite | Cu(H2O)(OH)V4+O(V5+O4) |
| 8.DC.70 | Whitecapsite | H16Fe2+5Fe3+14Sb3+6(AsO4)18O16 · 120H2O |
| 8.DC.75 | Heimite | PbCu2(AsO4)(OH)3 · 2H2O |
| 8.DC.80 | Lednevite | Cu[PO3(OH)] · H2O |
Fluorescence of Beraunite
Not fluorescent in UV.
Other Information
Notes:
Readily soluble in HCl.
Alters to limonite and alters from Vivianite.
Alters to limonite and alters from Vivianite.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Beraunite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-628.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
References for Beraunite
Reference List:
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.46
Fischer, E. (1956) Über Beraunit-Eleonorit. Heidelberger Beiträge zur Mineralogie und Petrographie, 5 (3). 204-209 doi:10.1007/bf01104158
Fanfani, I., Zanazzi, P. F. (1967) The crystal structure of beraunite. Acta Crystallographica, 22 (2) 173-181 doi:10.1107/s0365110x67000301
Moore, Paul B. (1970) Crystal chemistry of the basic iron phosphates. American Mineralogist, 55 (1-2) 135-169
Moore, Paul B., Kampf, Anthony R. (1992) Beraunite: Refinement, comparative crystal chemistry, and selected bond valences. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 201 (3-4). 263-281 doi:10.1524/zkri.1992.201.3-4.263
Frost, Ray L., López, Andrés, Scholz, Ricardo, Xi, Yunfei, Lana, Cristiano (2014) The molecular structure of the phosphate mineral beraunite Fe2+Fe3+5(PO4)4(OH)5⋅4H2O – A vibrational spectroscopic study. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 128. 408-412 doi:10.1016/j.saa.2014.02.198
Chukanov, Nikita V., Aksenov, Sergey M., Rastsvetaeva, Ramiza K., Schäfer, Christof, Pekov, Igor V., Belakovskiy, Dmitriy I., Scholz, Ricardo, de Oliveira, Luiz C.A., Britvin, Sergey N. (2017) Eleonorite, Fe63+(PO4)4O(OH)4·6H2O: validation as a mineral species and new data. Mineralogical Magazine, 81 (1) 61-76 doi:10.1180/minmag.2016.080.070
Miyawaki, Ritsuro, Hatert, Frédéric, Pasero, Marco, Mills, Stuart J. (2021) IMA Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) CNMNC Newsletter No 63. Mineralogical Magazine, 85 (6) 910-915 doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.74
Vrtiška, Luboš, Tvrdý, Jaromír, Plášil, Jakub, Sejkora, Jiří, Škoda, Radek, Chukanov, Nikita V., Massanek, Andreas, Filip, Jan, Dolníček, Zdeněk, Veselovský, František (2022) Redefinition of beraunite, Fe3+6(PO4)4O(OH)4⋅6H2O, and discreditation of the name eleonorite: a re-investigation of type material from the Hrbek Mine (Czech Republic) European Journal of Mineralogy, 34 (2) 223-238 doi:10.5194/ejm-34-223-2022
Localities for Beraunite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Day (1998) | |
| Harrowfield et al. (1981) |
| Pring et al. (1999) |
| Peter Elliott |
| Pat Sutton & Museum Victoria |
| Day (1996) |
Austria | |
| Kappelmüller (1994) |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) |
| Josef Taucher |
| Postl (1987) +1 other reference |
Belgium | |
| Van Tassel (1966) +8 other references |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Collected by Michel Blondieau - Chollet ... |
Brazil | |
| King et al. (1993) |
| Cassedanne (1983) +1 other reference |
| Frost et al. (2014) |
| Sergio Varvello photo +1 other reference | |
| King (n.d.) |
| Sergio Varvello collection |
Cameroon | |
| Fransolet et al. (1984) |
Czech Republic | |
| Vrtiška L. et al. (2018) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Povondra et al. (eds.) +1 other reference |
| |
| Petr Pauliš (2000) +1 other reference |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) | |
| Jan Hykš collection |
| Vrtiška et al. (2019) |
| Č +4 other references |
| Janouš (1995) +4 other references |
| Vrtiška et al. (2017) |
| Staněk (1991) +4 other references |
| Staněk (1997) | |
Europe | |
| Berbain et al. (2012) | |
France | |
| Detaille (2015) |
| Pierre Le Roch & Jean-Marc Johannet collections (visual ID) +1 other reference |
| Cuchet et al. (2000) | |
| Le Roc'h P. () |
| Meisser et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Berbain et al. (2012) |
| IMA nomenclature revision dictates that ... | |
| Berbain et al. (2012) | |
| Pierrot et al. (1976) +2 other references |
| Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... | |
Germany | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| Hanneberg et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| 42. (in German) +1 other reference |
| Gerstenberg (n.d.) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Dill et al. (2012) | |
| Dill et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Dill (2009) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| web.archive.org (2001) +1 other reference | |
| Steffen Michalski collection - ex ... +3 other references | |
| Pöllmann et al. (2005) |
| |
| DILL et al. (2009) | |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
| Mineralogical Magazine +2 other references |
| Chukanov et al. (2017) |
| Dana 6: 797 +3 other references |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Müller et al. (2012) |
| Blaß (2002) +2 other references |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Stieglitz et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| Emser Hefte 1988 (4) |
| www.mineralienfreunde-der-pfalz.de (2020) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2016) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Dana et al. (1892) |
| Witzke et al. (1997) |
| Witzke et al. (2013) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Witzke et al. (2001) |
| Witzke et al. (2001) | |
Hungary | |
| Koch (1985) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
Ireland | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Italy | |
| Gianluca Armellino et al. (2024) +1 other reference |
| VIGNOLA et al. (2007) |
| Orlandi (2011) |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Garavelli et al. (1967) |
Japan | |
| S. Matsubara (2000) |
| S. Matsubara (2000) | |
| The Mineral Species of Japan (5th ed) |
Mali | |
| Gineste (2012) |
Morocco | |
| Favreau (2012) |
| Favreau (2012) |
| Favreau (2012) | |
Netherlands | |
| T.G. Nijland |
Norway | |
| Larsen (2019) |
Poland | |
| Włodek et al. (2015) |
| Pieczka et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) |
| Alves (n.d.) +2 other references | |
| Sergio Varvello collection |
| Self-find by Nuno Afonso +1 other reference |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Marzoni Fecia di Cossato et al. (1989) |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| Mineralien Atlas | |
| António Joaquim Monteiro |
| Identified in Rebentão Mine |
| IMA nomenclature revision |
Russia | |
| Pekin et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
Spain | |
| IMA nomenclature revision +3 other references |
| www.foro-minerales.com (2022) +1 other reference | |
| |
| Bareche (2005) |
| Rosell et al. (2006) |
| Joan Rosell (02/2016) |
| Gonzalez del Tánago (1985) |
| Viñals et al. (2011) |
| NÚÑEZ-GARCÍA et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
Sweden | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Bjällerud (1989) +1 other reference |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Ansermet et al. (2024) |
UK | |
| Hall (1868) +1 other reference |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Sparrow (1989) +2 other references |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| M Kampf collection |
| Hartley (1984) +2 other references |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Alysson Rowan collection |
USA | |
| Barwood et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 58:57-62. | |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 64:203. +1 other reference | |
| Mineralogy of Alabama Geol Surv Ala. ... | |
| Dean (1995) |
| Dean (1995) | |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333. IMA ... |
| IMA nomenclature revision re-instated ... |
| Rocks & Min. (2007) | |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333. IMA ... |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Smith (1988) |
| Howard +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 63: 113. +2 other references |
| IMA nomenclature revision re-instated ... +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.:63:118. +1 other reference |
| Am Min 51:1811-1814. +1 other reference | |
| IMA nomenclature revision re-instated ... +1 other reference | |
| Smith (1988) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Observations of Januzzi material by ... |
| Moritz (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Blanchard et al. (1968) | |
| Denicourt +2 other references |
| IMA nomenclature revision re-instated ... +1 other reference |
| IMA nomenclature revision re-instated ... +1 other reference | |
| Am Min 53:2096-2101. +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Minerals 54:4 pp161-165 |
| Simmons et al. (1984) |
| Thompson et al. (2000) |
| Vandall King +3 other references |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Scott Soucey and Tim Blake |
| King et al. (1994) | |
| W. B. Thompson et al. (2005) |
| Thompson et al. (1998) | |
| Guilbert and Zeihen 1964 +1 other reference |
| Dr. William S. Wise presentation to ... |
| King (n.d.) |
| P. Cristofono et al. (2011) |
| Wilken |
| Rocks & Minerals: 80: 252. +1 other reference | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references | |
| Rocks & Min. +2 other references | |
| Thompson et al. (2022) |
| Henderson (1980) |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... | |
| C.G.Segeler (personal communication) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Mineralogical Magazine 60:787-793. +1 other reference |
| Horton et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:89. |
| IMA nomenclature revision re-instated ... +2 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Min. Col. PA +2 other references |
| Rocks & Minerals 54:4 pp173-175 |
| Rocks & Minerals: 60: 117. +1 other reference |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Campbell et al. (1985) |
| Smith et al. (2000) | |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Smith et al. (2000) | |
| Paris (2011) |
Gutglück Mine, Braunfels, Lahn-Dill-Kreis, Giessen Region, Hesse, Germany